Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/872

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Lay the Sulphur remaining at Bottom on a Marble, or in aGlafs ; and with the Oil it diffolves into, anoint the 'Him* her. This, he adds, not only infallibly prevents or cures the Wormineis ; but preferves all Kinds or Woods, and even many other Things, as Ropes, Nets, and Mafts from Putrifaftion, either in Air, Water, Snow, ££fc.

For fuch as would go a fhorter Way to work, two or three Anointings with Linfeed Oil may do very well. As to Pofrs, gfc. that are toftand in the Ground, the burning the Outrides to a Coal is*a great Preiervative.

As to the Chops or Clefts green 'timber is liable to after working, a very great Eye-fore in many fine Build- ings, they are clos'd by anointing, luppling, and ioaking it with the Fat of powder'd Beer-Broth, twice or thrice re- peated. Some Carpenters ufe Greafe and Saw Dull mingled for the lame Purpoie, But the former Method is excellenr, only it is not to be us'd while the timber is green.

Timber-2>£W, the Wood of timber, e'er yet fell'd ; par- ticularly that of Oak, Z<-ic. See Timber and Tree.

For the Raifwg, planting, tranfplanting, Pruning, &c. of timber-trees. See Seminary, Pruning, Trans- planting, ££?c

Timber Meafiire. timber is ufually meafur'd and e&U mated by the Load or tun ; which is a fblid Meafure con- taining 40 Feet of round timber, or 50 of hewn timber. The Denomination of Load, &P. we fuppole arifes hence, that 40 or 50 folid Feet ot mch timber weighs about a Tun, :'. e. 20 hundred Weight, which is ufually accounted a Cart Load.

1°. For the Measuring of round timber ; the Practice is to gird the Tree about, in the Middle of the Length, and folding the Line twice, to take one Length or Quarter of the whole, and account that for the true Side of the Square : Then, for the Length, 'tis counted from the Bur-end of the Tree, fo far up as the Tree will hold half a Foot Girt, as they call it 5 z. e. fo long as the Line, twice folded, is half a Foot.

The Dimenfions thus taken, the Quantity of Timber is had, either by multiplying the Side of the Square into itfelf, and that Product by the Length; by the Method of Crofs- Multiplication. See Cross-Multiplication.

Or, more eafily, and fpeedily on Gunter's Line, by extend- ing the Compaffes from 12, to the Side of the Square in Inches ; for that Extent turn'd twice (the fame Way) from the Length in Feet, will reach to the Content in Feet. See Gunter's Scale.

Or, better {till, on Coggefb all's Sliding Rule, by letting 12 on the Girt Line D, to the Length in Feet on the Line C. Then againft the Side of the Square, on the Girt Line D, taken in Inches, you have on the Line C the Content of the timber in Feet, See CoggefoaWs S-lidinc Rule.

Note, i°. This Method of meafuring round timber,tho' common, is yet erroneous ; and the Content found hereby, 'tis demonstrated, is lefs than the true Content or Meafure in the Ratio of 1 1 to 14. How to avoid this Error, and mea- fure it iuftly, we have fhewn under the Ule of Coggejball's Sliding Rule.

2°. If the Tree have any great Boughs that are Timber, as the Phrafe is, j. e. which will hold Foot girt, they are commonly meafur'd, and added to the reft : The Solidity of the whole being thus found, they divide it by 40, which brings it into Loads.

a°. In meafuring round timber for Sale, they ufually call: away an Inch out of the Square for the Bark, if Oak; ib that. a Tree 10 Inches fquare, they only account as if 9 ; but for Am, Elm, Beach, t£c an Inch is too much.

11°. For the Meafuring hewn atfquared timber ; the Practice is, to find the Middle of the Length of the Tree, and there to meafure its Breadth, by clapping two Rules, or other ftraight Things, to the Sides of the Tree, and meafuring the Diftance between them : In the like Manner they mea- fure the Breadth the other Way. If the two be found un- equal, they add them together, and take half the Sum for the true Side of the Square.

The Dimenfions thus taken, the Content is found either by Crofs-Multiplication, Gunter's Scale, or the Sliding Rule, after the Manner already directed.

The Content divided by 50, gives the Number of Loads. Note If the timber be unequally fided, this Method of meafuring it is erroneous; always giving the Content more than the Truth, and the more fo, as the Difference of the Sides is greater ; yet Cuftom has aurhoriz'd it.

To meafure fuch timber ]uft\y, a mean Proportional ftiould be found between the unequal Sides; and this Mean be ac- counted the Side of the Square.

For the meafuring of taper timber, &c. timber of other Forms, as Cubes, Pnfms, 'Pyramids, &c. ; See the Methods under the Article Sliding Rule,

Timber of Sk'ws, is forty Skins. Hae Civitas (fc. Ceftrne) tunc reddebat de forma 4? tibras & tres Timbres pcllium Martenarum IL. Edw. Conf.

Timber, in Falconry. To timber, is to neftle, or make a Neil, as Birds of Prey do. See Nest.

Timbers of Ermine, in Heraldry, are the Ranks or Rows of Ermine in Noblemens Coats. See Ermine.

TIMBRE, or Timmer, in Heraldry, the Creft of an Armoury ; or whatever is placed a-top of the Efcutcheon, to diftinguifti the Degree of Nobility, either JEcclefiaftic of Secular. See Crest.

Such is the Papal Tiara, Cardinals Hat, the Crofs, Mitre, Coronet, Mortier; and particularly the Casks or Helmets, which the Ancients call'd more especially timbres, from their refembling a kind of Bell without a Clapper, which the French call Timbres ; or becaufe they re-founded like thofe Timbres when ftruck. This is the Opinion of Loifean, who derives the Word from the Latin, Tintinnabulum. See Cask.

TIME, a Succeftion of Phenomena in the TJmverfe ; or a Modeot Duration, marfc'd by certain Periods and Meafures; chiefly by the Motion and Revolution of the Sun. See Mode and Duration.

The Idea of time in the Genera!, Mr. Lock observes, we acquire by confidering any Part of infinite Duration, as fet out by periodical Meafures : The Idea of any particular Time or Length of Duration, as a Day, an Hour, &c. we acquire firft by obferving certain Appearances at regular, and, feeming- ly, equi-diftant Periods.

Now, by being able to repeat thofe Lengths or Meafures of time as often as we will, we can imagine Duration, where nothing really endures or exifts ; and thus we imagine to Morrow, next Tear, &c.

Some of the later School Philofbphers define time- to be the Duration of a Thing, whofe Exigence is neither without Beginning nor End ; by which, time is diftinguihYd from Eternity. See Eternity,

Ariflotle and the Peripateticks, define it humerus motuS fe&Undum tyius & pofterius $ or a Multitude of tranfient Parts of Motion, fucceeding each other, in a continual Flux, in the relation of Priority and Pofteriorit}'.

Hence it ftiould follow, that time is Motion itfelf, or at leaft the Duration of Motion, confider'd as having feveral Parts, fome whereof are continually Succeeding to others : But on this Principle, Time, or temporal Duration, would not agree to Bodies at reft, which yet no Body will deny to exift in Time, or to endure for a Time.

Toevade this Inconvenience, the Epicureans and Corpvfcu- larians made time to be a fort of Flux, different from Motion, confiding of infinite Parts, continually and imme- diately fucceeding each other, and this from Eternity to Eternity ; but others directly explode this Notion, as efta- blifliing an Eternal Being, independant of God. For how ftiould there be a Flux, before any thing exifted to flow? And what fhould that Flux be, a Subftance or an Accident?

time may be diftinguifh'd like Place, into Ab feint e and Relative. See Place.

Abfolute Time, is time confider'd in itfelf and without any relation to Bodies or their Motions. This flows equally, i. e. never proceeds either fafter or flower ; but glides on in a conftant, equable Tenor.

Relative or Apparent Time, is the fenfible Meafure of any Duration, by means of Motion. For fince that equable Flux of Time does not affect our Senies, nor is any way im- mediately cognizable thereby ; there is a Neceflity for calling in the Help of fome nearly equable Motion to be a fenfible Meafure, whereby we may determine its Quantity, by the Correfpondency of the Parts of this, with thofe of that.

Hence, as we judge thofe times to be equal, which pais while a moving Body, proceeding with an equable Velocity, pafles over equal Spaces ; fo we judge thofe times to be equal, which flow while the Sun, Moon and other Luminaries per- form their Revolutions, which, to our Senfes, are equal.

But fince the Flux of time cannot be accelerated, nor re- tarded ; whereas all Bodies move fometimes fafter and flower, and there is, perhaps, no perfectly equable Motion in all Nature : It appears her.ee to follow, that abfolu-te Time ftiould be fomething truly and really diftinct. from Motion. For let us fuppofe "the Heavens and Stars to have remained without Motion from the very Creation 5 does it hence follow, that the Courfe of time would have been at a Stand ? Or, rather, would not the Duration of that Qyiefcent State be equal to the very time now elapied ?

Sinceabfotute Timeis a Quantity uniformly extended, and in its own Nature moil fimple ; it 'hence comes to be repre- fented by Mathematicians, to the Imagination, under the mofl fimple, fenfible Magnitudes, and particularly right Lines and Circles, with wnich-it bears a near Analogy, in refpefl: of Genefis, Similarity, &c.

Tisnot, indeed, neceflary, that Time ftiould be meafurccl by Motion ; any conftant periodical Appearance in feemin^ly equidiftant Spaces, as the freezing of Water, the blowing of a Plant, &c. returning at fet Periods, might do as well. In effeft, Mr, Lock mentions an American People, who count

their