Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/870

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Depth of the Channels, &c. for a very flow and impercep- tible Motion of the whole Body of Water, where it is (for Example) two Miles deep, will fuffice to raife its Surface 10 or 12 Feet in a Tides-time ; whereas, if the fame Quantity of Water were to be convey'd upon a Channel of 40 Fa- thom deep, it would require a very great Stream ro effect it, in fo large Inlets as are the Channel of England and the German Ocean ; whence the Tide is found to let ftrongeft in thofe Places where the Sea grows narroweft, the lame Quan- tity of Water being in thatCale to pals thro' a imaller Paiiage. Tnis is moll evident in the Straits between 'Portland and C. de la Hogite, in Normandy, where the "Tide runs like a Sluice j and would be yet more between "Dover and Calais, if the "Tide coming about the Iiland did not check it.

And this Force being once imprcfs'd upon the Water, con- tinues to carry it above the Level of the ordinary Height in the Ocean, particularly where the Water meets a direct Obftacte, as it is in St. Madocs - 7 and where it enters into a long Channel, which running far into the Land, grows very ftrait at its Extremity, as it is in the Severn-Sza. at Chepjlo-zv and Srijlol.

This Slioalnefs of the Sea, and the intercurrent Conti- nents, are the Reaibn that in the open Ocean, high Water is not at the Time of the Moon's Appulfe to the Meridian, but always ibme Hours after it, as it is obferv'd upon all the Weft Coaft. of Europe and Africa, from Ireland to the Cape of Good Hope, in all which a South- Weft Moon makes high Water 5 and the fame is reported to be on the Weft of America.

It would be endlefs to recount all the particular Solutions, which are eafy Corollaries from this Doctrine : as, why the Lakes and Seas, fuch as the Cajpiau Sea, and the Me- diterranean Sea, the Slack Sea, and Saltick, have no fenfible 'fides : For Lakes having no Communication with the Ocean, can neither increafe or diminifh their Water, whereby to rile and fall j and Seas that communicate by fuch narrow Inlets, and are of lb immenfe an Extent, cannot in a few Hours Time receive and empty Water enough to raife or fink their Surface any thing leniibly.

To demonftrate the Excellency of this Doctrine, the Example of the Tides in the Port of Tanking in China, which are lb extraordinary, and different from all others we have yet heard of 5 may iurEce. In this Port there is but one Flood and Ebb in 24 Hours 5 and twice in each Month, viz-, when the Moon is near the Equino&ial, there is no Tide at all, but the Water is ftagnant ; but with the Moon's Decli- nation, there begins a Tide, which is greateft when fhe is in the Tropical Signs ; only with this Difference, that when the Moon is to the Northward of the Equinoctial, it flows when fhe is above the Earth, and ebbs when fhe is under, lb as to make high Water at Moon-fetting, and low "Water at Moon-rifing : But, on the contrary, the Moon be- ing to the Southward, makes' high Water at rifing, and low Water at fetting, it ebbing all the Time fhe is above the Horizon.

The Caufe of this odd Appearance is propos'd by Sir Ifaac Newton to arife from the Concurrence of two Tides, the one propagated in fix Hours out of the great South-Sea along the Coaft of China ; the other out of the Indian Sea from between the Ifiands in twelve Hours, along the Coaft of Malacca and Camboya. The one of thefe Tides being pro- duc'd in North Latitude, is, as hath been faid, greater when the Moon being to the North of the Equator, is above the Earth, and lels when file is under the Earth. The other of them, which is propagated from the Indian Sea, being rais'd in South Latitude^ is greater, when the Moon declining to the South is above the Earth, and lefs when fhe is under the Earth ; In that of thefe Tides alternately greater and leffer, there come always fucceffively two of the greater, and two of the lcfTer together every Day 5 and the high Water falls always between the Arrival of the two greater Floods ; and the low Water between the Times of the Arrival of the two lefter Floods : And the Moon coming to the Equinoctial, and the alternate Floods becoming equal, the Tide ceafes, and the Water ftagnates ; but when fhe has pafs'd to the other Side of the Equator, thole Floods which in the former Order were the leaft, now becoming the greateft, that which before was the Time of the high Wa- iter, now becomes the low Water, and the converfe 5 fo that the whole Appearance of thefe ftrange Tides is, without any forcing, naturally deduc'd from thele Principles, and is a great Argument for the Certainty of the whole Theory,

TWKivaiters, or Tide-.i^w, certain Officers belonging to theCuftom-houl'e, appointed to watch or attend on Ships, coming from abroad, to fee that nothing be landed till fhe Gi- ft om of the Freight be paid. See Custom, Freight, i£c. They are thus call'd, becaufe they go aboard the Ships at their Arrival in the Mouth of the Thames, and come up with the Tide.

TIERCE, in Heraldry, a Term denoting the Shield to he divided into three equal Parts, of different Colours or Metals.

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If the Chief and Bafe be of the fame Colour when di- vided by a Feffe, they blazon it by exprcfiing the Colour, and mentioning the Feffe ; otherwife, they lay it is Tierce en fafce, and mention each of the Colours ; or Tierce en PaL if lb divided in Pale. £

Tierce, or Terce, is alfo a Meafure of liquid Things 9 as Wine, Oil, &c. containing the third Part of a Pipe, or 42 Gallons. See Measure, Gallon &c.

Tierce, in Mulic. See Third.

Tierce, Three, a Sequence of three Cards of the fame Colour. See Sequence.

Tierce, in Fencing. See Guard.

Tierce Order. See Third Order.

TIGE, in Architecture, a French Term for the Shaft off Fuft of a Column 5 comprehended between the Aftragal and the Capital. See Fust and Column.

TILE. SeeTYLE.

TILLER, or Tillar, in Husbandry, a little young Tree left to grow till it be fellable. See Timber.

Tiller of a Ship, is a ftrong Piece of Wood faften'd to the Rudder. See Rudder.

The fame Name is alfo given to that which ferves for a Helm in a Boat.

TILLING, in Gardening and Agriculture, a moving or ftirring of the Ground, with the Plough or Spade ; which being perform'd on the Top, enters to a certain Depth, and makes the lower and upper Parts change Place - 7 by which means the Goodnefs of the Earth is kept from being Ipent in feeding ill Plants. See Ploughing, &c.

The Rule, as to Gardening in general, is, that hot and dry Earth mould be till'd in Summer, either a little before, or while it rains, or foon after; and that neither too often nor too deep; In hot Weather 'tis not to be perform'd, un- Iefs water'd foon after : But for moift, cold, and ftrong Earth, it mull never be till'd in Time of Rain, but rather in the greateft Heats. As to Arable Lands, that which is clayey, ftiff, cold, and rnoiff, is generally thrice till'd $ in Spring, Summer, and at Seed Time, for Wheat ; and four Times for Barley.

Thefe repeated Pioughings or Fallowings are very advan- tageous to the Soil, both as they deftroy Weeds, and as the Ground is hereby laid in Ridges, which prevents its being over drench'd in wet Seafons, faves it much from Blights, and bleak Weather, and makes the Land lighter and fitter for the Seed to take Root in, and to imbibe the nitrous Dews and Influences of the Air, {$c. See Fallowing and Vegetation.

TILT. See Joust and Tournaments, Carrousels and Quadril, ££?<;.,

TluT-Soat, a Boat cover'd with zTilt, i. e. a Cloth, or Tent, for the Sheltering of PafTengers : Such is that which carries PafTengers between Zondon and Gravefend.

T1MAR, Timarium, a Lordfhip or Tract of Ground, which the Grand Signior gives the Spahi's, in Ufu Fruit, 2. e. to enjoy during Life, for their Subfiftence. See Spahi.

Meninski calls it a Penfion, Stipend, or Revenue, granted to old Soldiers who have deferv'd well, in Lands and Poffeffi- ons of Caftles, Towns, Villages, Fields, or in Tithes, and other Fruits and Incomes, with the Prefecture, Jurisdicti- on, or Lordfhip of the faid Places.

The Timar is a kind of Fief granted for Life. — The whole Ottoman Empire is divided into Sangiackes or Ban- neries, under which, all fuch as hold Timars, who are call'd Timariots, are bound to lift themfelves, when fummon'd up- on any Expedition. See Timariot.

Timars may be refign'd as Benefices among us, only obtain- ing the Content of the Beglerbei, or Governor of the Province.

Indeed, for Timars of above 20000 Alpers per Annum, call'd Zaim, the Grand Vizier alone grants Difpenfations. See Zaim.

TIMARIOTS, thofe who enjoy Lands and Benefices on the Tenure and Condition of Timars. See Timar.

The Timariots are oblig'd to ferve in War, perfonally, with as many Men and Horfes for Service, as their Timar, by the Eftimate made thereof, contains Times 2500 Afpers, or 11 Pounds Sterling; and to maintain them conftantly mounted and arm'd, after their Manner, to be ready to march at all Hours when commanded ; and that on Pain of Death ; nothing, not even Skknefs itfelf, being allow'd to excufe them.

Befide this Service, they likewife pay an Acknowledg- ment of one Tenth of their Revenue. — If they have any Children of Age to bear Arms, and fit for the Service, after their Deceafe, or in Defect hereof, if they have any Rela- tions, that have the leaft Intereft; the Timar is us'd to be continu'd to them on the fame Conditions ; otherwife, it is transferr'd to others.

If the Revenue thus held of the Grand Signior exceed 15000 Afpers, or 66 Pounds Sterling, they who hold it, are not call'd Timariots, but Stibajfi, or Zaims ; and have the Adminiftrationof Jaftice in the Place, under the Sangiac of the Province.

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