Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/866

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charg'd them, &c. and have even fent them for Inftruction to <Ponvgal and Rome : But they were flill apt to relapfe at their Return; fo that finding no Good was like to be done with them, they refblv'd to exclude them once for all, and to appoint an European Bifhop in their Room.

Thefe Proceedings have render'd the 'Portuguese infinitely odious to the Thomtsans.

The Perfon who contributed moft. to the Reform, is <Dom Frey Alexo de Meneifes, Archbifhop of Goa, who govern- ing the Portuguese Indies for fbme time, in defect of a Vice- roy, took that Occafion to call a Synod in the Village of tDiamper, where Abundance of Regulations were made, and the Thomtans uni ted to the Roman Church : He was feconded by the Jefuits.

After the Death of the Archbifhop, a great Part of the Thortitcan Church relaps'd, and thus ftill continues, partly Roman, partly Thomeean.

THOMISM, orTHOMAisM, the Doctrine of S. Thomas 'Aquinas, and his Followers the Thomifts; chiefly with Re- gard to Predcftination and Grace. See Thomist.

There is fbme doubt what the true genuine Thomifrti is : The Dominicans pretend to hold pure Thomtfm; but there are other Authors who diftinguifh the Thomifm of S. Tho- mas, from that of the Dominicans. Sec Dominicans.

Others again make Thomifm no other than a kind of Janfenifm difguis'd 5 but Janfenifm wc know has been con- demn'd by the Pope, which pure Thomifm never was. See Jansenism.

In effect, the Writings of Alvarez arid Lcmos, who were appointed by their Order to lay down and defend before the Holy See the Dogmata of their School, have fince been re- puted the Rule of pure Thomifm.

The modern School has abandon'd many ancient Thomifts, whofe Sentiments and Expreffions appear'd to Alvarez, and J.,emos too hard 5 and the new Thomifts, who pafs the Bounds mark'd by thefe two Doctors, cannot give their Opi- nions for the Sentiments of the School of S. T homas, which the Pope has forbid being cenfur'd.

TheThoraifm allow'd, is that of Alvarez and Lemos : Thofe two Authors diftinguifh four Gaffes of Thomifls -. The firft, which they reject, deftroys or takes away Liberty; the fecond and third don't differ from Molinas. See Molinists.

The laft, which Alvarez- embraces, admits a Phyfical ^re- motion, or 'Predetermination, which is a Compliment of the active Power, whereby it paffes from the firft Act to the ■fecond; that is, from compleat and next Power to Action. See Predetermination.

This Premotion they hold is ofrer'd in fufficient Grace : Sufficient Grace is given to all Men 5 and they have a com- pleat, independent, next Power not to aft, and even to reject the moft efficacious Grace. See Sufficient and Grace,

THOMISTS, a Sect of School Divines, who maintain Thomifm. See School and Thomism.

The avow'd Antagonifts of the Thoniifs are the Seotifts.

SCC SCOTIST,

THORACIC, in Anatomy, an Epithet given to two Branches of the Axillary Artery, on Account of their con- veying the Blood into fome Parts of the "thorax. See Thorax-

The Thoracic Arteries are diftinguifh'd by upper and lower* There are likewife "Thoracic Veins, an upper and wider, for the Reconveyance of the Blood from the 'Thorax to the Axillary Vein. See Axillary.

Thoracic *Bt0, or DuBus Thoracicus Cbyliferus, is a little Canal arifing from, or rather a Continuation of, the Exit or Mouth of the Receptaculum Chyli. See Recep- tacle.

It mounts all along the Thorax, whence it takes its Name, and ends in the left Subclavian Vein.

In its Progrefs thro' the Thorax, it is furnifh'd with a proper Integument from the Pleura, befides the Membrane it has in common with the Receptaculum: At about one Third of irs Way it devaricates, but foon unites again.

Dr. 1)rake obferves, that it has Valves in divers Places of its Tract 5 Euftachio fays Glands. Its Ufe is to carry the Chyle and Lympha from the Receptaculum into the Subcla- vian, by which it is forwarded to the Cava, and thence to the Heart. See Chyle.

It is fbmetimes call'd P'ecquets T>uB, or Z)u8us 'Pecque- ticus, from M. ^Pecquet, the firir. Difcoverer thereof. See Pecojjet's Duct.

THORAX, in Anatomy, that Part iof the human Body which forms the Capacity of the Breaft, and wherein are included the Heart and Lungs. See Breast.

It is bounded a-top by the Clavicles, and at Bottom by the Cartilago Xiphoides, and the Diaphragm.

Its fore Part is call'd the Sternum, or Breaft Bone; its fide Parts, the Co(f<e y or Ribs; its hind Part are the Spina Tiorfu and its Vertebra, with the Omoplate. See Ries, Sternum, &c.

The Thorax is alfo call'd the fecoiii or middle Fenter, and popularly the Cheji. See Venter.

Befide the Heart and Lungs, the Thorax likewife con- tarns the afcending Cava the Aorta, the pulmonary Vein and Artery, the Trachea, Oefbphagus tf c

'Tis Im'd withm-fide with a Membrane call'd the <Pleura, and dmded in the Middle by another call'd the Mediaftinurl bee Pleura and Mediastinum

It has its Name from the Greek, & s &, falire, to leap 5 by Reafon the Heart, contained therein/makes a continual Motion Galen calk it Cythara, and fays it contains the rarts that excite to love.

THOROUGH-^*/}, inMufic, is that which goes quite through the Competition. See Bass.

S^JfeSK? Cm'tmu'd Bafs. See Continued Baft.

1HUUGH1, Sentiment, a general Name for all the Ideas conlequent on the Operations of the Mind, and even tor the Operations thcmfelves. See Thinking,

As in the Idea of a 'thought, there is nothing included of what we include in the Idea of an extended Subftance; and that whatever belongs to Body, may be deny'd to be- ™h '° % hm & h < '■ Wc ma y conclude that thought is not a Mode of extended Subltance, it being the Nature of a Mode not to be conceiv'd, if the Thing whereof it is the Mode be deny'd it. Hence we infer, that Thought not being a Mode of extended Subftance, mutt be the Attribute of fome other Subftance very different. See Mode.

F. Mattebrancb, with the Spirit of a Cartefian, denies that a Man who thinks (crioully on the Matter, can doubt but the Eflence of the Mind confifts altogether in Thought, as that ol Matter does in Extenfion; and that according to the various Modifications of Thought, the Mind fometi'mes wills, fometimes imagines, f$c. as, according to the various Modifications of Extenfion, Matter is fometimes Water, fometimes Wood, Fire, £f?c.

By the Way, by Thought he does not mean the particular Modifications of the Soul, /'. e. fuch or fuch a Thought, but Thought ot Thinking in the general, confider'd as capable of all Kinds of Modifications or Thoughts : As by Extenfion he does not mean fiich or fuch an Extenfion, as a Square, Oval, or the like, but Extenfion in the Abftraft, confider'd as fufceptible of all Kinds of Modifications or Figures.

He adds, that he takes it to be impoffible to conceive a Mind which does not think, tho' it be eafy to conceive one which does not feel, or imagine, or will; in like Manner as 'tis impoffible to conceive a Matter which is not extended, tho' it be eafy to conceive one that is neither Earth, nor Metal; nor l'quare, nor round; nor that is even in Motion.

Hence it may be concluded, that as 'tis poffible there may be Matter which is neither Earth nor Metal; nor fquare nor round; nor even in Motion; 'tis alfo poffible, that a Mind may neither perceive Heat nor Cold; nor Joy nor Grief 5 nor imagine any thing, nor will any thing; fo that thefe Modifications are not eflential to it. Thought alone, there- fore, is the Eflence of the Mind, as Extenfion alone is the Eflence of Matter. See Essence, Extension, Will, (gc.

But this Doctrine no longer paffes among us. The' Fol- lowers of Sir Tfaac Newton, and the new Philofophy, deny Extenfion to be the Eflence of Matter (lee Matter); and the Followers of Mr. Lock deny Thought to be the Eflence of the Mind. See Soul.

THOUSAND. See Numeration.

Thousand Tears Reign. See Millennium.

THRASHING, or Threshing, in Agriculture, the Act of beating the Corn out of the Ears. See Corn.

Thrashing is perfomi'd two Ways; or rather there are two Ways of feparating Corn from the Ear • the firft by beating it with a Flail, which is properly what we call Tl-rajbing.

Some Authors will nor by any means we fhould call this by the Roman Name tritura or trituratio, but flagellatio of fiagellum, a Scourge or Flail.

The other Manner, ftill praciis'd in feveral Countries, as we are inform'd by Liger, is to make Mules or Hories tram- ple on it backwards and forwards : This is properly what the Ancients call'd tritura and trituratio.

But they alfo us'd Oxen therein; witnefs the Hebrews, who fometimes yoak'd four Oxen together.

Another Way was with a kind of Sledge made of Boards join'd together, and loaden with Stones or Iron, upon which a Man was mounted, and the whole drawn over the Corn by Horfes : This Inftrument was call'd Traha ovTributus.

'Tis a Rule among Husbandmen, that the Seafbn for Thrashing, is when the Corn has fweated in the Heap, or Mow.

THRAVE of Com, from the Saxon, fhreav, Bundle, or the Britip Drefa, twenty-four, is in moft Parts of Eng- land twenty-four Sheaves, or four Shocks of fix Sheaves to the Shock.

King Atheljlan, Anno 92;, gave by Charter to Sir John of Beverley's Church, four Thraves ot Corn for every Plough Land in the Eaft Riding of Torkpire.

Ta jou Threve ie Heven King

Of lika Tlmgb of Eft Riding. See Peter-Corn.

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