Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/864

 T H I

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T H I

The School Fhilofophers ufually divide Thinking, with Regard to the Objects ]t is employ'd about, into Umtrfland- ing, IntelleSto ; and Willing, Volltio. See Understand- ing and Willing.

And hence, mole are laid to be two Powers or Faculties of the human Mind. See Power.

Intellectual Thinking is further fub-divided into divers Kinds : The firft, when rhe Mind merely apprehends or takes Notice of aThing, call'd Perception : The lccond,when it affirms or denies aThing, call'd Judgment : i he third, when it gathers or inters a Thing from others given, call'd Reafcmng : The fourth, when the Mind difpufes its own Thoughts or Ideas in Order, call d Method. See Percep- tion, Judgment, Reasoning, and Method.

Volitive Knowledge, or Volition, admits of infinite diffe- rent Modifications, or new Determinations. See Voli- tion.

Some Authors extend the Idea of Thinking further ; and confider it in God, Angels, Brutes, &c. whence a new Divi- sion of Thinking into TJiviue, Angelical, Human, and Ani- mal or Senfttive.

But the two firft we know little or nothing of. See God and Angel.

The third is that we have already been treating of. As to the laft, viz. Animal or Senfttive Thought, it is defin'd to be an Action of the Soul attending to an external Object, effected by means of the Animal Spirits duely agitated in the Brain, to excite an Idea. See Spirits ; lee alio Know- ledge, &c.

The Carte/Jans maintain, that Thinking is effential to the human Soul 5 and, conlequently, that there is no Time when the Soul does not think : But this Doctrine is over- turn'd by Mr. Lock, who fhews, that in Sleep, without Dreaming, there is an entire Ceffation of all the Modes of Thinking. See Idea.

/ think, cogito, according to des Cartes, is the firft, and fureft of all Truths ; from which alone we draw this Confe- quence, therefore I am, or exift, fitm.

One might alfo fay, Cogito, ergo -Beits eft ; I think, therefore there is a God See Existence.

Logic is defin'd the Art of Thinking juflly. See Logic.

THIRD, Tertius, See Number, and Numeration.

Third, in Mufic, a Concord reliilting from a Mixture of two Sounds, containing an Interval of two Degrees. See Concord.

'Tis call'd a Third, as containing three Terms, or Sounds between the Extremes. See Interval.

The Third, in Italian, Terz-a, in French 'fierce, in Latin Tenia, has no general Name in the Greek : 'Tis the firft. of the imperfect Concords ; i. e. of luch as admit of Majority and Minority, without ceafing to be Concords.

And hence it is, that it is diflinguifh'd into two Kinds.

The firft, which the Italians call Tlitono, (from the Greek TUtonou) or Terz-a Mdggiore, and we greater fhird, is com- pos'd diatonically of three Terms or Sounds, containing two Degrees or Intervals ; one whereof, in the ancient Syftcm, is a greater Tone, and the other a leffer Tone ; but in the modern temperate Syftein they are both equal, as in, re, mi, at tit, mi. See Degree, Tone, Semitone, lie.

Chromatically it is compos'd of four Semitones 5 two whereof are greater, and the third lefs : It takes its Form from the Ratio fefqui-quarta 4 : 5.

The fecond Third, which the Italians, like the Greeks, call frihemituono, or Semi-ditano, or Terz-a minore, and we leffer Third, is compos'd, like the former, of three Sounds or Terms, and two Degrees or Intervals : But thefe De- grees, diatonically, ate only a greater Tone, and a Semi- tone ; and chromatically of three Tones, two greater, and one lefs, as re, mi, fa, or re, fa: It takes its Form from the Ratio Seiqui quinta 5 : 6.

Both thefe Thirds ate of admirable Ufe in Melody, and make as it were, the Foundation and Life of Harmony. See Melody and Harmony.

They are us'd agreeably both afcending and defending ; and that either in running over all the Degrees, as ut,re,mi, or re, mi, fa, or in skipping the middle Degree, as tit, mi, or re. fa.

But it is to be obftrv'd, the greater Third has fomewhat gay and {brightly in rifing, and fomewhat heavy and melan- cholic in falling: The leffer Third, on the contrary, has fomewhat foft and tender in rifing, and fomewhat brisk in falling.

For the Ufe of the greater or leffer Third in the Series of the Scale. See Scale.

There are two other Kinds of Thirds that are diffonant and vicious ; the firft only compos'd of two greater Semi- tones, and, by Conft'quence, of a Semitone lefs than the leffer fhird : This they call the defective Third.

The fecond, on the contrary, has a Semitone more than the greater Third j and this they call redundant Third.

The defective Third is very frequent in Italian Songs, efpecially thofe compos'd for Inftruments ; but is not to be

us'd without Neceffity, and a deal of Difcretion. The re- dundant Third is abfolutely forbidden.

Third -'Pora?, or Tierce -'Point,' in Architeflure, the ioinr of Seftion in the Vertex of an Equilateral Triangle.

Arches or Vaults of the Third 'Point, call'd by the Itali- ans da terz-o Acuta, are thole confining of two Arches of a Circle, meeting in an Angle a top. See Arch.

Third Ejtate. See Estate.

Third Order, a Sott of Religious Order, that obferves the fame Rule, and the fame Manner of Life, in Proportion, as iome other two Orders inltituted before. See Order.

The third Oracrs are not originally Religious Orders, but Affocianons of lccular, and even marry'd Perfbns, who con- form, as far as their Condition will allow them, to the De- fign, Intention, and Rules of a Religious Order which affo- ciates and ditects them.

The Premonftrantei, Carmelites, Auguftines, and Francif- cans difpute among themfelves the Honour of having firft introduc'd third Orders ; But the Pretentions of thefe laft ap- pear to be the belt founded.

Thefirlt contend that the third Order of 'Premonftrantes began in the Life-time of their Founder, S. Norbert, who dy'dinii34. See Premonstrantes.

F. Diego de Coria Maldonado, a Spanijb Carmelite, who has a particular Treatile on the third Order of Carmelites, derives them immediately, as well as the Carmelites them- felves, from the Prophet JBias; and among the great Men who have made Profeffion of that third Order, reckons the Prophet Obadiah, who liv'd 800 Years before Chrift ; and among the Women, our Saviour's Great Grandmother, un- der the borrow'd Name of St. Emerentiena. This Obadiah, he fays, was Controller-General of the Houfe of K. Ahab, niention'd in the ift Book of Kings, cap. xviii. and Difci- ple of the Prophet Elijah. After ferving that Prince, and his Succeffors, he retir'd to ferve God, and er.ter'd the Pro- phetic Order of Elijah, but without quitting his Houle, his Wife, or Children.

The Author adds, that he was not properly of the third Order, but of the fecmd, which confifted of marry'd People, and was call'd the Order of Eunuchs, under the Direction of Elijah. Such, according 10 him, is the Foundation of the thirdOrder of Carmelites. See Carmelite.

F. Helyot fhews, that this third Order was not begun till the Tear 1476, when Sixtus IV. gave Permiftion to the Prior and Provincials of the Carmelites, to give the regular Habit and Rule of their Order, to People of both Sexes, marry'd or un- marry'd, living at Liberty in the World. Tie Coria reckons S. Zouis, King of France in the third Order of the Carmelites.

The third Order of Augnftins, if we credit F. Bruno, was inflituted by St. Augnftm himfelf-. But the Arguments he produces are fo frivolous, that F. Helyot obferves, they are not worth the refuting. _ The third Order of Francifians was inflituted by S. Fran- cis in 121 J, in Favour of People of both Sexes, who being fmitten with the Preachings of that Saint, demanded of him an eafy Manner of living a Chriftian Life : Upon which he gave them a Rule, the Conftitutions whereof are not now extant as wrote by himfelf, but only as reduc'd and confirm'd by Pope Nicholas IV. 68 Years afterwards.

The firft Order of this Saint ate the Monks call'd minor Friars, comprehending the Cordeliers, Cafuchins, and Re- collects ; the fecond comprehends the Nuns of S. Clare ; and the third feveral Perfbns of both Sexes, who live at Libertv, and thefe are what we call the third Order.

Of this Order, which was only eftablifh'd for fecular Per- fons, feveral of both Sexes, to attain the greater Perfection, have fince commenc'd Religious, and form'd various Congre- gations, under various Names, as Religious 'Penitents of the thirdOrder, &c.

Third Earing, in Husbandry, the Tilling or Ploughing of the Ground a third Time.

Third Ztorovo, in our ancient Law Books, denotes a Conflable. See Constable.

THiR-D-nigbt-avm-hynd ; by the Laws of S. Ed-ward the ConfefTor, a Gueft who had Iain three Nights in an Inn, was reputed a Domeftic, and his Hoft was anfwerable for what Offences he mould commir.

For one Night he was accounted Unctlth, for two Nights Gueft, and the third aimhynd. 'Prima Noble Inccgnitus, fe- cunda hofpes, tenia Domefticus cenfetur. SraSon, lib. 3. writes it Hcgenehym.

THIRDINGS, the third Part of the Corn or Grain growing on the Ground at the Tenant's Death, due to the Lord for a Herior, within a certain Manor and Lands be- longing to the Chapel of Turfat, in Com. Heref.

THIRST, a painful Senfation, occafion'd by a preternatu- ral Vellication of the Nerves of the Throat or Fauces, and producing a Defire of Drinking. See Drink.

Rohault accounts for Thirft thus : The Stomach Liquor, which ordinarily refolves into a thick Vapour, and afcends from rhe Stomach up into the Throat, to moiflen it; being too much warm'd and agitated, either from a Want of fome

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