Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/857

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TEX

The Word is form'd from ■rewjs?, four, and rt>A©-, Co- lumns.

TETRASYLLABICAL, a Word confifting of four Syl- lables. See Word and Syllable.

TEUTONIC, fomething belonging to the Teutones, an ancient People of Germany, inhabiting chiefly along the Coafts of the German Ocean.

The Teutonic Language is the ancient Language of Ger- many, the fame with the Celtic. See Language, Celtic,

The Teutonic, or German, is rank'd among the Mother Tongues, bee Mother Tongue.

It is now diitinguifh'd into Upper and Lexer. The Upper has two notable Dialects, <ufe. i°. the Scan- dian, jDanift, or perhaps, Gothic -, to which belong the Languages ipoke in Denmark.) Norway, Swede??, and Ireland. 2°. The Saxon -j to which belong the leveral Languages of the Englijb, Scots, Frifiav, and thofe on the North of the Elbe. See English, $$c.

To the Lower belong the Low Dutch, Flemip, &c. Ipoke thro 1 the Netherlands, the more Southerly Parts of Germa- ny, &c.

Teutonic Order, a Military - Religious Order of knights, eitablifh'd towards the Clole of the XUth Cen- tury; and thus call'd, becauie confuting principally of Ger- mans. See Knight and Order.

The Origin, &c. of this Order was thus: The Chrifti- ans under Guy of Imjigna.v^ laying Siege to Aca, or Acra, a City of Syria> on the Borders of the Holy Land ; at which Siege were preterit, Richard King of England, '■Philip Au- gttfle of France, &c. Ibme Germans of 'Bremen and Lubec, touch'd with Compaffion for the Sick and Wounded of the Army, who wanted common Neceflaries, fet on Foot a kind of Hofpiral under a Tent, which they made of a Ship's Sail ; and here betook thenifelves to a charitable Attendance of the Sick.

This ftarted a Thought of eftablifhing a third Military Order, in Imitation of the Templars and the Hofpitallers,

The Defign was approv'd by the Patriarch of jerufalem, the Archbi/hops and Bifhops of the neighbouring Places, 'the King bf Jerufalem, the Mailers of the Temple and the Hofpital, and the Gentian Lords and Prelates then in the Holy Land, £S?c. And by common Confent, Frederic, Duke of Suabia, who was then at their Head, fent Embafladors to his Brother, Henry, King of the Roma?2S, to Iblicit the Pope to confirm the new Order.

Calixtus III. who then govern'd the Church, granted it by a Bull of the 2 $d of February-, 11925 and the new Or- der was call'd, The Order of Teutonic Knights of the Houfe of St. Mary of Jerufalem.

The Pope granted them all the Privileges of the Tem- plars, and the Hoipitallers of St. John ; excepting that they were to be lubjecf. to the Patriarchs, and other Prelates, and that they mould pay a Tenth of what they pofTeis'd.

The firft Mailer of the Order, Henry Valpot, elefted during the Time of the Siege of Aca ; after the taking of that City, purchas'd a Garden, wherein he built a Church and an Hofpital, which was the firft Houfe of the Teutonic 'Order. Such is the Account given by 'Peter of Dlisbourg, a Prieft of this Order,

Jacques de Vitry differs a little herefrom; and relates, that the Teutonic Order was eftablifh'd at Jerufalem before the City of Aca was befieg'd.

Thele two Opinions Hartknok, in his Notes on Dusbourg, reconciles, by faying, that the Order was firft inftituted by a private Perfon, a German, at Jerufalem ; that it was con- firm'd by the Pope, the Emperor, and the Princes at the Siege of Aca ; am! that after the taking that City, it was become fo confiderabte, that it was known all over the "World.

If it be true that it was a private Perfon who firft fet on Foot the Order, and that thofe People of Bremen and Lubec only join'd with them ; as fome Authors aflert ; we don't know the precife Year of its Eftabliftiment.

The Order made no great Progreffes under the three firft Grand Mailers ; but under the fourth, Herman de Salza, it became very powerful; infbmuch, that Conrade, Duke of Mazovia and Cujavia, about the Year 1230, lent an Embaffy to him, to folicit his Friendfhip and Affirtance, offering him and his Order, the Provinces of Qilmes and Livonia, with all the Lands they could recover from the Idolatrous Pruffians, who harrafs'd him exceedingly with their continual Incurfions, and againft whom he intended this new Militia ; his own Knights of the Order of Chrifl, or of Dobrin, inftituted for the like Purpoie, being found too Weak.

-J)e Salza accepted the Donation; and Gregory I X. con- firmed it ; and to aid the Knights in reducing the Pruffians, Innocent IV. publifh'd a Croifade.

With this Help, in a Year's Time, they fubdu'd the Pro- vinces of Warmia,Notangerland, and ^arthia; the Inhabitants thereof renoune'd the Worlhip of Idols 5 and in the Courfe

of fifty Years more, they redue'd all Pruffia, Livonia, Sa- megitia, Pomerania, ckc.

in 1204, Duke Albert had founded the Order of Sword- bearers, Tort-Glaives, which how became united to the Teu- tonic Knights, and the Union approv'd by Pope Gregory IX. See Port-Glaive.

WaldemurlW* King of 'Denmark', fold the Order the Province of Eflein, the Cities of Nervaznd Weffemberg, and feme other Provinces.

A new Union fome tirrie afterwards occafion'd great Divi- fions and Troubles in the Order : It was with the Bifhops and Canons of Pruffia and Livonia ; who hereupon took the Habit of the Teutonic Order, and Ihar'd the Sovereignty with the Knights, in their refpeclive Diocefes.

The Order, thus Mailer of all Pruffia, built the Cities of Elbing, Marienbonrg, Thorn, Dantzic, Koningsberg, and fome others : The Emperor Frederic II. permitted them to add to the Arms of the Order, the Imperial Eagle ; and S. Louis, in 1250, allow'd them to Quarter the Flower-de- Luce.

After the City Aca, or Acra, had been recover'd by th« Infidels, the Grand Mailer of the Teutonic Order remov'd his Seat from that City to Marienbourg. As the Order grew in Power, the Knights took more State on them ; and, at length, inftead of Friars, Brothers, as at firft, would be call'd Lords. And tho' the Grand Mafter Conrade Zolnera, of Rotmfteine, oppos'd this Innovation, his Succeflor Conrade Wa 'Herod not only approv'd it, but even procur'd himielf to be treated with Honours only render'd to the greaieft Princes.

Divifions being got into the Order, the Kings of Poland made their Advantage of them : The Pruffians revolted to them ; and after leveral Wars between the Knights and tffe Poles, the former yielded to King Cafmt-ir the upper PruJJia, and did Homage to him for the lower.

Laftly, at the Time of the Reformation, Albert, Marquis of Brandcnbourgh, then Grand Mafter, becoming Lutheran, renoune'd the Dignity of Grand Mafter, difloiv'd the Com- manderies, and drove the Knights out of Pruffia.

Mod of the Knights follow'd his Example, and embrae'd the Reformation : The reft transferr'd the Seat of their Order to Margentheim, or Mariendal in Francmia, which they ftill retain.

They there eledted Walter of Cromberg their Grand Ma- tter ; form'd a Procefs againft Albert ; and the Emperor put him to theBan of the Empire. TheOrder, however, could never recover their Domains ; but are now little more than the Sha- dow of what they formerly were, having only three or four Commanderies, fcarce fufficient for the ordinary Subfiftence of the Grand Mafter and his Knights.

The Officers of the Teutonic Order, when in its Splendor, were the Grand Mafter, who refided at Marienbourg ; under him were the Grand Commander ; the Grand Marjhal, who had his Refidence at Koningsberg ^ the Grand Hofpitaller* who refided at Elbing ; the Draper, who took Care to fur- nifh the Habits ; the Treafurer, who lived at the Court of the Grand Mafter ; and leveral Commanders, as thofe of Thorn, Culme, Brandenbowg, Koningsberg, Elbing, ckc.

They had alio their Commanders of particular Caftles and Fortrefles; Advocates, Proveditors, Intendants of Mills, Pro- visions, &c.

Waiffelius in his Annals fays, they had 28 Commanders of Cities, 46 of Caftles, 81 Hofpitallers, 35 Mailers of Con- vents, 40 Stewards, 37 Proveditors, 93 Matters of Mills, 700 Bothers or Knights to take the Field, 162 Brothers of the Choir, or Priefts, 6200 Servitors or Domefticks, \§c.

TEXT, a relative Term, contra-diftinguifh'd to Com- mentary. Itfignifies an original Difcourfe, exclufive of any Note, or Interpretation.

Infinite Pains have been taken by the Criticks to reftore, reconcile, fettle, explain, t$c. the Text of the Bible, and the Claflicks.

Mr. Whifton accounts for all thofe Mi funderftandings be- tween the New and Old Teftament, patticularly as to the Prophefies in the Old, cited as fulfill'd in the New, to the Corruption of the Text of the Old Teftament ; and to ob- viate Objections made againft Chriftianity on that Head, has publifh'd an Effay towards reftoring the true Text of the Old Teftament, &c.

This Reftoration he is to effecl: from the Samaritan Pen- tateuch, the Roman Pfalter, the Apoftolical Conftitutions, &c. But all our Criticks take this Corruption of the Text to be imaginary, and look out for other Ways of folving thofe Difficulties. See Prophesy.

Text, is particularly ufed for a certain Paflage chofe by a Preacher to be theSubjecf of his Sermon.

Anciently, the Lawyers began all their Pleadings with like Texts of Scripture.

A Text-book, in feveral Univerfities, is a Claffic Author wrote very wide, by the Students, to give Room for an Inter- pretation dictated by the Mafter or Regent, to be inferted in the Inter-lines,

In