Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/849

 T E M

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TEN

traced back even into the reuioteft Antiquity. See Hcfpinia- niis de Origine Templorum.

The Romans had leveral Kinds of Temples; whereof thoie built by the Kings, &C confecrated by the Augurs, and wherein theExercife of Religion was regularly perform'd, were call'd, by Way of Eminence, Templa, Temples.

Thofe that were not conlecrated, were call'd Mdes.

The little Temples, that were cover'd or roof'd, they call'd JEdicuU.

Thofe open, Sacella.

Some other Edifices confecrated to particular Myfteries of Religion, they call'd Fana and L)eltibra.

All which Kinds of 'Temples, Vitnivius tells us, had other particular Denominations, according to the Form and Man- ner of their Confln ^ionj as hereafter related.

Indeed, the Rv...ans out-did all Nations in the Point of 'Temples; they not only built Temples to their Gods, to their Virtues, to their Difeafes, &c. but alfo to their Em- perors, and that in their Life-time; InfUnces whereof we meet withal in Medals, Inscriptions, and other Monuments. Horace compliments Augustus hereupon, and lets him above Hercules, and all the Hero's ot Fable ; in that thofe were only admitted Into Temples after their Death, whereas Au- •gltfius had his Temples and Altars while living.

Viventi tib'i matures largimur honores ; Jara?2dafq; tuum per nomenponimus Aras. Epiff.adAuguft.

Temple, in Architecture, The ancient Temples were diftinguifh'd, with regard to their Confirucfion, into various Kinds ; as,

Temples of AattC, or limply Antee : Thefe, according to Vitrimius, were the mofl Simple of all Temples ; having only angular Pilafters, call'd Ant<e, or 'Parajlattf, at the Corners, and two Tufcan Columns on each Side the Doors. See Anta.

Tetraftyle-T-E.wp'LZt or Simply Tetraflyle, was ^Temple that had four Columns in Front and as many behind ; as that of Fortuna Virilis at Rome. Se Tetrastyle.

^Vo/P^-Temple, that which had only Columns in its Front, or Fore-fides as that of Ceres in Eleufis, in Greece. See Prostyle.

Amphiproflyle, or double < Proftyle, that which had Co- lumns both before and behind, and which was alfo Tetraf- tyle. See Amphitrostyle.

tere-T slmyik, that which had four Rows of inf- lated Columns around, and was Hexaftyle, i. e. had fix Columns in Front 5 as the Temple of Honour at Rome. See Periptere.

©^^-Temple, that which had eight Rows of Co- lumns around, and was alfo Ocfoftyle : Or had eight Co- lumns in Front; as that of "Diana at Bphefus. See DiP- TERE.

Pseubo diptere, or imperfeffi diptere ■> r Psauno diptere.

Hypetre --- C See .) Hypetre.

MoNOPTERE "i C MoNOPTEREJ

The Word Temple is form'd from the Latin Temphwz, which fbme derive from rhe Greek 7i4f^vos t Signifying the fame Thing; and others from 7dy.yid, abfeindo, I cut off, t ieparate, in Regard a Temple is a Place feparated from com- mon Ui.es ; others derive it from the old Latin Word tem- plare, to contemplate.

The ancient Augurs gave the Name Temples to thofe Parts of the Heavens, which they mark'd out for the ob- fervingof the Flight of Birds. Their Formula was this: Templa tefqmfnnto.

. Temples, among us, are two Inns of Court ; thus call'd, becauie anciently the Dwelling-Houfe of the Knights Templars. See Templar.

At the Suppreffion of that Order, they were purchas'd by fbme Profeffors of the Common Law, and converted into Hofpitia, or Inns. See Inn.

They are call'd the Inner and Middle Temple, in relation to jB0e# Houfe, which was alfo a Part of the Houfe of the TvnplarSy and call'd the Outer Temple, becaufe Situate with- out Tempk Bar.

In the Middle Temple, during the Time of the Templars, the King's Treaiiire was kept ; As was alio that of the Kings of France in the Houfe of the Templars at Taris.

The chief Officer was the Mafler of the Temple, who was fumnaon'd to Parliament in 49 Hen. 3. And From him, the chief Minister of the Temple Church is frill call'd Mafter of the Temple. See Master..

Temples, Tempora, in Anatomy, a double Part of the Head, reaching from the Forehead and Eyes, to both Ears. See Head.

The Temples ate form'd of two Bones, ca'l'd OJJh Tem- foris. See Temporis'C^-

Menage will have the Word deriv'd from the old Latin, T&npffi, whence Tempora t and Temples. But the fhyfici-

ans give another Origin. Thefe Parts, they fay, were call'd Tempera, frem their fhewing the Age or Time of Man, by the Colour of the Hair, which turns white in this Part before any other ; Which Homer feems to have been aware of, by his calling Men 'Foliccrotaphos, q. d. Grey- templed.

TEMPORAL, Temporalis, a Term frequently us'd for Secular ; in which Senle it ftands in Opposition to Jicclefi- afical. See Secular*

Pope Boniface wrote to Philip the Fair of France y that he was fubjecl: to him both in Spirituals and Temporals. At prefent all the Doctors on this Side the Alps own the Supre- macy of Kings in Temporals. See Supremacy.

TEMPORALIS, in Anatomy, a Mufcle, which arifes by a Semi-circular flefhy Beginning, from a Part of the Os Frontis, the lower Part of the Parietale, and upper Part of the Temporale ; from whence going under the Zygoma, and gathering together, as in a Ce.ntre, it is inferted, by a fhort and Strong Tendon, into the ProcefTus Coronx of the lower Jaw, which it pulls upward.

This Mufcle is alfo call'd CrotaphiteS, and is cover'd with a flrong tendonous Fafcia. See Crotaphites.

TEMPORALITIES, the Temporal Revenues of an EcclefiafKc ; particularly, fuch Revenues, Lands, Tenements, or Lay-fees, as have been annexed to Bifhops Sees by our Kings, or other Perfons of high Rank in the Kingdom. See Bishop.

The Canonifts on the other fide the Alps, anciently gave the Pope a Power over the Temporalities of Kings. Yet Pope Clement V. owned frankly, that his Predeceffor 'Boni- face VIII. had exceeded the juft Bounds of his Authority, in meddling with the Temporalities of the King of France. Fevret.

TEMPORIS Os, Bom of the Temple, a Bone on each Side the Head. SccTemples.

The Figure ol* the Os Temporis is nearly Circular. The fore and upper Parts are very thin, confilting only of one Table. The lower and hind Parts are thick, hard, and un- even.

It is joined to the Os Sincipitis, by the Squammous Suture 5 whence, in that Part, it is call'd Os Squamrmfura. Its lower Part is joined to the Os Occtpitis, and Sphenoides : To whicf* latter, as likewife to the Bones of the upper Jaw, it is joined by means of certain Proceffcs, and in that Part, is call'd OS 'Fetrofum. See Petrosum.

Each of the Offa Temper um has two Sinus's; the Ex- terior whereof, is lined with a Cartilage, and receives the Procefs of the lower Jaw ; the Interior receives the lower Part of the Sinus Laterales of the £)ura Mater. Each like- wife has four ProcefTes ; the Os Jugate, (Prccejjhs Alamillaris 9 Stytoides, and Os 'Fetrofum. See each deScribed under ita proper Article Jug ale, MamillAris, &c.

TEMPTATION, in Theology, an Induction, or Solici- tation to Evil ; whether from the World, the Flefh or the Devil.

Among the Myftic Divines, profitable Temptations, are thofe Trials the Soul is to pafs through, e'er it arrive at the unitive Life, and the Peace within.

When it furmounts that Drynefs and Darkneis it falls into* through a Sufpenfion of the Effecfs of divine Love, and that it refills the World, and all the Allurements it prefents 5 thofe Temptations are called Tentationes Utiles, and Frublu- ofie.

In our ancient Law Books, Temptation, Tentatio, is ufect for a Trial, Proof or AflTay. Tentatio Fanis fiat bis t in Anno Chart. Ediv. I.

TENABLE, in the military Art, fomething that may- be defended, kept and held againft ASTailants.

The Word is little ufed, but with a Negative : When a Place is open on all Sides, and its Defences all beaten down, It is no longer Tenable. When the Enemy has gain'd fuch an Eminence, 'This Polt is not Tenable.

The Word is French, form'd from Tent? 5 as that from the Latin, Tenere, to hold.

TENAILLE, in Fortification, a kind of Out-Work, confifiing of Two Parallel Sides, with a Front, wherein is a re-entering Angle,

In Strictnefs, that Angle, and the Faces that compofe it, are the Tenaille.

The Word is French, and fignifles, literally, Pincers or Nippers.

The Tenaille is of two Kinds : Simple and Double.

Simple ot (ingle Tenaille, is a large Out- work, asDABCE (Tab. Fortification, Fig. 8. ) confifting of two Faces or Sides A B and CB, including a re-entring Angle B.

The great Defers of the Tenaille are, that it takes up too much Room, and on that Account is advantageous to the Enemy ; that its Angle B is undefended ; the Height of the Parapet hindering the feeing down into it, fo that the Enemy can lodge there under Covert : and that the Sides A C. and CD are not fufficiently defended.

For