Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/848

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Galen obferves, that the Temperament ad Ponius, is only imaginary ; and that though it were real, it could not fub- iii-t above one Moment.

Dr. Pitcaim looks on the Temperaments or Conftitutions; as native Difeafes ; According to him, any one indued with whatever Temperament, hath the Seeds of a real Dif- eafe within him : A particular Temperament, fuppofing that fome Secretions are in greater Proportion than is proper for Life Indefinitely long.

As the Diverfities of Temperaments are no other than Diverfities of Proportions in the Liquids, which may be diverfified infinite Ways ; fo there may be an infinite Number of Temperaments ; though Authors have only fuppos'd Four. The Sanguin, which is reckon'd a Temperament, Pitcaim fays, is no other than a Plethora. See Plethora.

Temperament, or tempering, in Mufick, a rectifying or mending the falfe or imperfect Concords, by transferring to them part of the Beauty of the perfect ones. See Con-

tORE.

The Degrees of the Oflave, which may be calPd its Elements, as being the fmalleft Intervals it is refolvable into; are two greater Semitones, two lefferTones, and three greater Tones. See Tone and Octave.

Now the different Situation of thefe Elements, with re- fpect to each other, occafions that Intervals or Concords of tbe fame Name, as Thirds, Fourths, i$c. don't confift of the lame Degrees or Elements, tho' there be always the fame Number of them ; but one Fourth, for Inftancc/is agreeable and perfect, and another not.

To mend thele imperfect Concords, the Muficians have bethought themlelves to temper, i. e. give them part of the Agreeablenefs of perfect ones. In order to this, they take a Medium between the two, and this they call a Tempera- ment, which neceffarily produces a new Divifion of the Octave, or which amounts to the fame new Elements.

For Inftance, whereas naturally its Elements are the greater Semitone, and the greater and leffer Tone ; they take a middle Tone form'd of the greater and rhe lefs : And the only Elements now, are the greater Semitone, and this mean Tone, which renders the five Intervals that are Tones equal; and thofe that are Semitones lefs unequal to thefe.

One might alfo divide each of the five Tones of the Octave into Semitones, which, join'd to the two it naturally has, make twelve : In which Cafe, the whole Octave would be divided into twelve equal Parts, which would be mean Semitones,

'Tis eafy to form various other Kinds of Temperaments : All the Difficulty is to find fuch as arc free from two great Inconveniencies, i. e. which don't alter either all the Con- cords too much, or, at leaff, fbme of them.

All fuch Divifions of the Octave are calPd tempefd, or temperative Syftems. See System and Scale of Mufick- TEMPERATE Ztfae. See Zone.

TEMPERING, in the Mechanic Arts, the preparing of Steel and Iron, lb as to render them more compact, hard, and firm ; or even more ibft and pliant; according to the refpecfive Occafions. See Iron and Steel.

Thefe Metals are temper 'd by plunging them, while red hot, in fome Liquor prepar'd for the Purpofe : Sometimes pure Water is us'd for that Purpofe ; and; in effect, Lock- fmiths, £S?c. fcarce ufe any other.

Sometimes a Compofition of divers Juices, Liquors, tffc. is us'd ; which is various, according to the Manner and Ex- perience of the Workman ; as Vinegar, Moufe-Ear- Water, the Water oozing from broken Glaffes, Soot, Salt, Oil, Sfc.

To harden and temper Englijh, Flemifi, and Swedijh Steel, you mud give them a pretty high Heat, then fudden- ly quench them in Water to make them hard : But Spamfi and Venice Steel will need but a Blood-red Heat e'er it be quench'd. See Heat.

If the Steel be too hard, or brittle for an Edge Tool, &c. let it down by rubbing a Piece of Grindftone or Whet- flone hard upon the Work, to take off the black Scurf : Then brighten, or heat it in tbe Fire ; and as it grows hot- ter, you will fee the Colour change by Degrees, coming firft to a Straw, or light goldifh. Colour, then to a darker Goldifh Colour, and at laft to a Blue Colour. Chufe fuch of thefe Colours as the Work requires, then quench it fuddenly in Water.

The light Gold Colour is for Files, cold ChifTels, and Punches, that punch Iron and Steel : The dark Goldifh Co- lour for Punches to ufe on Brafs, f£c. The Blue Colour gives the Temper far Springs, s£e.

The Tempering ot Files and Needles is perform'd in a peculiar Manner. See File and Needle.

The Ancients appear to have had fome better Method of Tempering, than any of the Moderns are acquainted withal ; witnefs their Works in Porphyry ; a Stone fo hard, that none of out Tools make any Impreffion upon it. See Pob.-

( TEMPEST, a Storm, or violent Commotion of the Air, with or without Ram, Ha.l, Snow, fjc. See Wind, Hvk- ricane, Whirlwind, Water-J^, Earthquake,

TEMPLARS, or TSw^m-Templars, or Knights of the Iemple, a Religious-Military Order, firft eltablifh'd at Jerusalem, in Favour of Pilgrims travelling to the Holy Land. See Knight.

The Original of this Order, the firft Military Order in the World, is this : In mg, fome pious noble Perfbns de- voted themlelves to the Service of God, in the Prcfence of the latnarchof Jerufalem; promifing to live in perpetual Challity, Ohedience.and Poverty, after the manner of Canons.

The two principal Perfons were Hugo de Paganis, and Goffroy of S. Omers. Baldwin II. then King of Jeru- falem, gave them an Appartment in his Palace, near the Temple, at Jerufalem, not far from the Sepulchte of our Saviour ; whence their Denomination Templars.

Soon afterwards, the Canons of the Temple gave them a Piece of Ground hard by the faid Temple, to build them regular Houfes on ; and the King, the Lords, the Patriarch, and the Prelates, each gave them fomewhat out of their Revenue, for Food and Cloaths. Their firft Undertaking, and what they had firft in View at their Inftitution, was to guard the Highways againft Robbers, tie. chiefly for the Safety of Pilgrims and Croifes. See Croise.

The principal Articles of their Rule, were: That they fhould hear the holy Office throughout every Day ; or, that when their Military Duties fhould prevent this, they would fupply it by a certain Number of Pater Nofters : That they would abftain from Flefli four Days in the Week ; and on Fridays from Eggs and Milk-meats : That each Knight might have three Horfes, and one Efquire ; and that they fhould neither hunt, nor fowl.

Their firft Rule was that of St. Bernard. Nine Tears afrer their Foundation, a particular Rule was prefcrib'd them in the Council of Troyes.

In every Nation they had a particular Governor, call'd Mafter of the Temple, or of the Militia of the Temple. Their Grand Mafter had his Refidence ar 'Paris.

The Order of Templars was abolifh'd at the Beginning of the XlVth Century, under Clement V, Edward II. of England, and 'Philip the Fair of France. In 1607 tho * in England were all arrefted, and feven burnt alive. And in 13 12, the Order was quite fupprcfs'd in the Council of Vienna, and 50 burnt alive.

The Crimes they were charg'd withal, were apoftatizing to the Sarazens, and holding Correfpondence with them. Some Authors will have it, thefe Crimes were only pretend- ed ; and that the true Reafon of the Supprefiion of rhe Order, was the immenfe Riches they were poffefs'd of. But tho' this might be fome Reafon for their Suppreffion, it could be none for burning them alive: Add to this, that their Effects were given to the Hofpitallers, or Knights of St. John. What then did the Kings of England, S3c. get by their Supprefiion ? And what was it to them, which of thofe Orders had the Effefls ?

TEMPLE, a publick Building, erefled in Honour of fome Deity, either true, or falfe ; and wherein the People meet to pay religious Worfhip to the fame. See God.

Clemens Alexandrinus and Eufebius, refer the Origin of Temples to the Sepulchres built for the Dead. Herodotus and Strabo will have the ^Egyptians to be the firft who built Temples to the Gods. The firft, built in Greece, is afcrib'd to Deucalion, by Jpollonius, Argonaut. Lib. III.

In Antiquity we meet with many People who would not build any Temples to their Gods, for fear of confining them to too narrow Bounds. They perform'd rheir Sacrifices in all Places indifferently, from a Perfuafion, that the whole World is the Temple of God, and that he requires no other. This was the Doctrine of the Magi, follow'd by the Perji- ans, the Scythians, the Hamidians, and many other Nati- ons mention'd by Herodotus, Lib. I. Strabo Lib. XV. and Cicero in his 2d Oration againft Verres.

ThePer/ians, who worfhipp'd the Sun, believ'd it would wrong his Power, to inclofe Him in the Walls of a Temple, who had the whole World for his Habitation : And hence, when Xerxes ravag'd Greece, the Magi exhorted him to de- flroy all the Temples he met with.

The Sicyonians would build no Temple to their Goddefi Coronis : Nor the Athenians, for the like Reafon, erect any Statue to Clemency, who, they faid, was to live in the Hearts of Men, not within Walls.

The Bithynians had no Temples, but the Mountains to worfhip on ; nor the ancient Germans any other but the Woods.

Even fome Philofophers have blamed the Ufe and Build- ing of Temples, particularly Diogenes, Zeno, and his Fol- lowers the Stoicks : Bur, it may be faid, That if God have no Need of Temples, Men have Need of Places to meet in for the publick Offices of Religion : Accordingly,?^^! may be

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