Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/843

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Appear,- and gradually grow as they more and more Hand in need of them.

Some Perlbns are born with all their Teeth, as Marcus Curius Tientatus, and Cneius Tampirius Carbo : Others have only had one continu'd Tooth, reaching the whole Length of the Jaw, as Pyrrhus, King of hpirus, and c Prufias, Son of the King of Bitbynia : Others are laid to have had two or three Rows on the lame Jaw, as Hercules.

Mentzelius, a German Phyfician, allures us, that he faw an old Man at Cleves, in 1666, aged 120 Yeats, who had a new Set of Teeth two Years before, which cut with great Tain 5 and he faw an Englipman at the Hague, who cut a new Set of teeth in his j 18th Year.

A Damp Phyfician, named Hageru?, maintains in cer- tain Thefes, that one may hear with the Teeth. See Hearing.

As to Animals, there are fome Fifties have Teeth on their Tongues, as Trouts j others have them at the Bottom of the Gullet, as the Cod Filh ; ibme, as the great Sea-Dog, call'd Cams Carcharius, have three, four, or five Rows of T'eeth on the fame Jaw ; the Requiem and Crocodile have each three, and thole all Inciters; Vipers and Sea Frogs have two large crooked Canine Teeth, which are moveable, and ordinarily lie flat, only rais'd when they would bite. See Viper, tjc.

The Toad and Cuttle Fifh have no T'eeth, and yet bite. See Bite.

Artificial 'Teeth, are thofe fet in lieu of natural ones which are wanting.

They are uliially made of Ivory ; but in regard Ivory, in a little Time, grows yellow in the Mouth, Fabricius advifes them to be made of the Shin-bone of a Bullock, which pre- ferves its Colour.

The Cuilom of wearing Ivory Teeth, and of binding them in with a Gold Wiar, is very ancient: Lucian and Martial fpeak of it as praclis'd among the Romans.

Guillemau gives us the Compofition of a Paile for making artificial Teeth, which fliall never grow yellow : The Com- pofition is white Wax granulated, and melted with a lit- tle Gum Elcmi, adding Powder of white Mailick, Coral, and Pearl.

Teeth in the Manage. 'Tis by a Horfe's Teeth, chiefly, that his Age is known.

The Teeth of a Horfe are of four Kinds, viz. 24 faw Teeth, or Grinders at the Bottom of the Mouth, beyond the Ears ; 12 on each Side the Canal, ranged 6 above, and as tnany below : There never fall, nor are they uftd for the Diflinclion of Age.

12 Foal-Teeth, which come in the fore Part of the Mouth at three Months old, and are ufually call: at two Yeats and half.

4 ThjJjcs placed alone in the Bars between the fore Teeth and Grinders, one" on each Side below, and as many above. Mares feldom have Tufhes, and when they have, they are fmall, and are reckon'd an Imperfection.

12 Gatherers growing before in the Place of the Foal-Teeth and Grinders, and with which Horfes draw their Fother, cut Grafs, &c. Thefe are divided inro

Nippers, which are the two foremoft T'eeth above and be- low, which a Horfe firft changes.

Middle Teeth, or Separaters, parting the Nippers from the Corner Teeth, are the two next the Nippers, one on each Side of 'em both above and below, and are thole which change next.

Outward or Corner T'eeth, are thofe next the Tufhes above and below, and which are call lafl. 'Tis by thefe that the Horfe's Age is known. They fhoot forth from the Gum at five Years of Age, and have a Hollow, wherein is a black Speck, refembling a Bean, call'd the Mark, which continues till feven or eight Years of Age, and then begins to fill up. See Mark.

TEGUMENT. See Integument. TE1NTS, and Semi-Tumi s, in Painting, the feveral Colours us'd in a Picture, confider'd as more or lefs high, or bright, or deep, or thin, or weaken'd, or diminifiVd,r>c. to give the proper Relievo, or Sofrnefs, or Diftance, £c?c. of the feveral Objects. See Colouring.

The Word is pure French, where it fignifies the fame Thing.

TEIRS, the third Part of a Pipe, or the Meafure of forty- two Gallons. See Tierce, Measure, &c.

TEKUPHjE, in the JavAfi Chronology, are the Times wherein the Sun proceeds from one Cardinal Point to the next. See Cardinal 'Point.

The Term is alio apply'd to the Moments wherein the Sun enrers a Cardinal Point : Thefe four Terms, or Tekupb<e, are oblerv'd among the Jews with a Wotld of Ceremony : The Reafoti, as we are inform'd by Munfier, is this:

That People have a Notion, that in each Tekupha the Sun has a feveral Angel appointed to guard and direct it ; and that in the very Point wherein the Sun finilhes one Tekttpha, and enters upon another, before the one Director

has taken Place of the other, the Devils have a Power to exercife all Kinds of Tyranny in the Water.

And hence, they fay, that if any body dtinks the imalleft Quantity of Water at that Time, hell infallibly have a Dropfy, or fome other grievous Diftemper.

TELAMONES : The Romans call'd by this Name, what the Greeks named Mantes ; viz. the Figures of Men fupporting the Out-jettings of Cornices, l£c. in Architecture. See Atlantes.

A laie Aurhor thinks, that the Word Telemon, which in Greek is ta»//ot, a Wretch that bears Misfortunes with Patience, does not difagree with thofe Statues, which in Architecture, fuftain fiich Loads.

TELESCOPE, an Optical Inllrument, confining of fe- veral Glaffes or Lens's, fatted into a Tube ; thro' which remote Subjects are feen as if nigh at Hand. See Lens and Or tic Glafs.

In Telescopes, the Lens or Glafs turn'd towards the Ob- jefl, is call'd the ObjeCl Glafs ; and that next the Eye, the Eye-glafs; and if the Telefcope confifls of more than two Lens's, all but that next the Objedb, are call'd Eye-glaffes. See OujEcr-glafs, &c.

The Invention of the Telefcope is one of the nobleft, and mod ufeful thefe Ages have to boaft of: By means hereof, the Wonders of the Heavens are difcover'd to us, and Aftro- nomy brought to a Degree of Perfection, which former Ages could have no Notion of. See Astronomy.

Indeed, the Difcovery is owing rather ro Chance, than to Thought ; fo that 'tis the good Fortune of the Difcoverer, not his Skill or Ability, we are indebted to : On this Ac- count it concerns us the lefs to know, who it was firft hit on this admirable Invention. 'Tis certain it mull be cafual, fince the Theory it depends on was not then known.

Johannes Saptifta Porta, a noble Neapolitan, is aliened by Wolffius to be undoubtedly the firft that made aTelefcope ; from this Pafiage in his Magia Naniralis, printed in 1549 : " If you do but know how to join the two (viz. the Con- " cave and Convex GlafTes) rightly together, you will fee ■" both remote and near Objects, much larger than they " otherwile appear, and withal very diftinct. In this Way (( we have been of good Help to many of our Friends, who " either faw remote Things dimly, or near ones confufedly j " and have made them fee every thing perfectly.

But 'tis certain Porta did not underftand his own Inven- tion, and therefore neither troubled himfelf to bting it to greater Perfection, nor ever apply'd it ro Cceleftial Obferva- tion. -What is more, the Account 'Porta gives of his Con- cave and Convex Lens's is fo dark and indiftinct, that Kepler, who examin'd ir, by particular Command of the Emperor Rudolpbus, declar'd to that Prince, that it was perfectly unintelligible.

Fifty Years afterwards, a Telefcope, 12 Inches long, was made and prefented to Prince Maurice of Naffau, by a Spectacle-maker of Middlebourg ; but Authors are divided about his Name. Sirturus, in a Treatife of the Telefcope, ptinted Anno 1618, will have it to be John Lipperfein -. And 'Jiorel, in an exprefs Volume on the Inventor of the Te- lefcope, publifli'd in 16s;, fhews it to be Zacharias Janfen, or, as IVclfi'ts has ir, Hanfen.

Joh. Laprehts, another Workman of the fame Town, paiiesfor a third Inventor; having made one in 1610, on the mere Relation given him of that ofzachary.

In 1620, James Melius, Brother of Adrian Melius, Pro- feflbrof Matbematicks at Franeker, came with Drebel to Middlebourg, and there bought Telefcopes of Zacbary's Chil- dren, who had made them publick ; and yet Hadr. Metius has given his Brother the Honour of the Invention ; in which he is miltakenly fbllow'd by Ties Cartes.

But none of thefe Artificers made Telefcopes of above a Foot and half: Simon Afarius in Germany, and Galileo in Italy, firft made long ones, fit for Cceleftial Oblervations.

Le Roffi relates, that Galileo being then at Venice, was told of a Sort of Optic Glafs made in Holland, which, brought Objects nearer : Upon which, letting himfelf to think how it fhould be, he ground two Pieces of Glafs into Form as well as he could, and fitted them to the two Ends of an Organ Pipe, and fhew'd, at once, all the Wonders of the Invention to the Venetian NoblefTe on the Top of the Tower of St. Mark. That Author adds, that from this Time Galileo devoted himfelf wholly to the improving and perfecting of the Telefcope ; and that he thereby almofl de- ferv'd all the Honour ufually done him, of being reputed the Inventor of the Inllrument, and of its being denominated from him Galileo's Tube.

F. MabiHon, indeed, relates, in his Travels thro' Italy, that in a Monaftery of his own Order, he faw a Manufcript Copy of the Works of Commefor, wrirten by one Coradus, who liv'd in the 13th Cenrurv ; in the ihird Page whereof, was feen a Portrait of Ptolomy viewing the Stars thro' a Tube of four Draws : But that Father does not fay that the Tube had Glaffes in it. In effect, 'tis more than probable, that fitch Tubes were then uftd for no other Purpoie but to

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