Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/820

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S Y N

call'd Ifochronifm, tho' ibme Authors confound the two. See

ISOCHRONISM.

SYNCOPE, in Medicine, a deep and fudden Swooning ; wherein the Patient continues without any fenfible Heat, Motion, Senfe, or Refpiration ; is feiz'd with a cold Sweat over the whole Body, and all the Parts turn pale and cold, as if dead.

There are feveral Caufes of Syncopes: i°. Too great an Exhauttion of Spirits ; as after long Diets, exceflive Evacu- ations, violent Exerclfes, long Bathings, &c.

2°. The irregular Motion of the Spirits preventing their due Influx into the Parts ; as fometimes happens in Fear, ^Wrath, and other violent Paffions.

3°. Immoderate Ha:morrhagies,

4°. An ill Conititution of Blood ; as in Cacochymies, or in Ferlbns who have taken fbmething that either diffolves or coagulates the Blood.

5°. Secret Dileafes, as AbfcefTes, or Polypus's of the Heart, Worms, &c.

In very numerous crouded Affemblies, People fometimes fall into Syncopes, thro 1 the hot, thick, impure Air they breathe.

Some Women are liable to them upon the Smell of Musk, Civet, &C.

For Syncopes, give volatile Spirits and Aromatics. Heur- liilis recommends Treacle Water, and Cinnamon Water ; and Etmuller the Volatile Salt of Vipers, Spirit of Sal Ammoniac, Oil of Ambar, and fometimes Bleeding.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, *»V, with, and xs7r%i>, to cut.

Syncope, in Grammar, is an Elifion, or Retrenchment of one or more Letters, or Syllables from a Word.

As when we {ay Virum for Virorti-m; and manet alta y mente, repoflum, for repofitum.

Syncope, in Muiic, fignifies the Divifion of a Note ; ufed when two or more Notes of one Pare anfwer to a fingle >Jote of the other Part : as when a Semibreve of the one anfwers to two or three Crotchets of the other.

A Note is faid to be Synccpe'd when it has a Point added on the Side of it ; which increafes its Value by one half.

SYNDESMUS, in Anatomy, is fometimes us'd for a Ligament. See Ligament.

In Grammar, it is ufed for a Conjunction. See Con- junction.

The Word in the original Greek, tn/pAir/w?, fignifies a joining together,

SYNDIC, in Government and Commerce, an Officer in Fratitce, intruded with the Affairs of a City, or other Com- munity; who calls Meetings, makes Reprefentations and So- licitations to the Miniflry, Magiflracy, %3c according to the Exigency of the Cafe.

The Syndic is appointed to anfwer and account for the Conduct of the Body ; makes and receives Propofals for the Advantage thereof; controuls and corrects the Failings of particular Per/bns of the Body, or, at leatt, procures their Correction at a publick Meeting.

In effecf, the Syndic is, at the fame Time, both the Agent and Cenfbr of the Community.

Almoft all the Companies in "Paris, &G. as the Univerfity, Companies of Arts and Trades, &c. have their Syndics ; and fo have moft of the Cities of "Provence and Languedcc.

Syndig is alfo us'd for a Perfon appointed to fblicit fome common Affair, wherein he himlelf has a Share; as happens particularly among feveral Creditors of the lame Debtor, who fails, or dies infolvent.

The chief Magiftrate of Geneva is alfo call'd Syndic. There are four Syndics chofe every Year ; the eldeft of which prefides in the Council of Twenty-five, which is the chief Council of the City, wherein all Affairs are difpatch'd both Civil and Political : Thus the other three eteft cannot all come at the Offce till the four Years end ; fo that the Syndicate comes by Turn to fixteen Perfons, all chofen out of the Council of Twenty-five.

The Word is form'd from the Latin, Syndicus, and that from the Greek, fffVc/W©-, which fignifies the fame Thing.

SYNDROME, from cvvf&'tM, Concurfus, a Combina- tion of Difeafes.

SYNECDOCHE, in Rhetoric, a Figure very frequent among Orators and Poets. See Figure.

There are three Kinds of Synecdoches: By the fir fir, a Part is taken for the Whole ; as the "Point for the Sword ; the Roof for the Hmfe ; the Sails for the Ship, &c.

By the fecond, the Whole is ufed for a Part : And by the third, the Matter whereof the Thing is made, is ufed for the Thing itfelf; as Steel for Sword, Silver for Money, &c. .

To which may be added another Kind, where the Species is ufed for the Genus, or the Genus for the Species.

The Word is Greek, form'd of ffvvzyMx°P*i> * take toge- ther.

SYNEDRIN, or SYNEDRION. See Sanhedrim.

SYNERPHONESIS, in Grammar, an Union, or Colli-

fion of Vowels, whereby two Syllables are pronounced as one. See Syllable.

'Tis much the fame Thing as SynaUpha, or Synerefis, See SynaljEpha, &c.

SYNEUROSIS, in Anatomy, a kind of Articulation or Jointure of the Bones. See Articulation.

The Syneurojisis reckon'd a Branch of the SymphiJIs; and is, when the Bones are connected together by a Ligament ; as is that of the Os Femoris to the Os Ifchium 5 that of the Patella to the Tibia. See Symphisis.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, mv, with, and Mv&y, Nerve.

SYNOCHA, and Synochos, in Medicine, are Terms bor- rowed from ffvvbyjw, jii/lineo, 1 fupport, or hold up ; or ffvj'6^<y, continuo, i continue. The Practice of Authors, with regard to thele two Words, is whimfical enough : Lite- rally they both fignify the fame Thing ; yet is the former ufed to fignify an intermitting, and the latter a continu'd Fever. See Fever.

SYNOD, in Aftronomy, a Conjunction, or Concourfe of two Stars, or Planets in the fame optical Place of the Hea- vens. See Conjunction.

Synod, in Church Hiftory, nCotfncil, or Meeting, or Aflem- bly of Eccleiiafticks, to confulc Matters of Religion. See Council.

Of thefe there are four Kinds, viz. General, or Oecume- nical, where Bifhops, igc. meet from alt Nations. See Oecumenical.

National ; where thofe of one Nation only come together.

"Provincial -j where they of one only Province meet. And

Ttiocefan ; where thole of but one Diocefe meet. See Convocation.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, wvcJ\U, AfTcmbly.

SYNODALS, or SYNODIES, were Pecuniary Rents (commonly of two Shillings) paid to the Bifhop, at the Time of the Annual Synod, by every Parochial Prieit.

For the Bifhops ufed to hold rheir Diocelan Synods, and to vifit all at once ; from whence thefe Synodals are ac- counted amongft the Bi (hop's Procurations at this Time.

Synodales Tejles ; the urban and rural Deans were at firft fo call'd, from their informing againft, and attefting the Difbrders of the Clergy and People in the Epifcopal Synod. But when they funk in their Authority, in their ftead role Synodical WitnefTes, who were a Sort of impannel'd Jury, con- fining of a Prieit, and two or three Laymen forevery Parifh j though at length two for every Diocefe were annually chofen; till at laft the Office came to be devolv'd on the Church- Wardens. Some think our Queft-men, who are Afuftantsto the Church- Wardens, were call'd Sides men, quafi Synod- men. See Sny-ES-Afen.

Synodale Injhumentum ; was the folemn Oath that thele Synodical WitnefTes took 5 as our Church- Wardens now are fworn to make their juft Prefentments.

SYNODICAL, Ibmething belonging to a Synod,

Thus Synodical Letters, are Circular Letters wrote by Synods to the abfent Prelates and Churches; or even thofe general ones directed to all the Faithful, to inform them of what had pafs'd in the Synod.

In the Collection of Councils are abundance of thefe Sy- nodical Letters.

Synodical Month, is the Period or Interval of Time, wherein the Moon, departing from the Sun at a Synod or Con)un6ticn, returns to him again. See Moon.

Kepler found the Quantity of the mean Synodical Month, 29 Days, 12 Hours, 43, Minutes, 3 Seconds, \\ Thirds. See Month.

This Period is alfo call'd a Lunation ; in Regard, in the Courfe hereof, the Moon puts on all her Phafes or Appear- ances. See Lunation.

SINODWJ&s, or "teftes Synodales, See Sides-men.

SYNOE5IA, in Antiquity, a Feaft celebrated at Athens, in Memory of Thefeus's having united all the petty Com- munities of Attica, into one fingle Commonwealth ; the Seat whereof was Athens ; where all the Affemblies were to be held.

The Feaft was dedicated to Minerva ; and, according to the Scholiaft of Thncydides, was held in the Month Mera- gitnion.

SYNONYMOUS, an Epithet apply'd to a Word or Term that has the fame Import, or Signification with ano- ther ; call'd alfo Synonyma. Some fevere Criticks condemn all Ufe of Synonymous Terms in the fame Period ; but this is to condemn all Antiquity. So far is the Ufe thereof from being vicious, that 'tis frequently neceffary ; as they contribute both to the Force and Clearnefs of the Ex- preffion If the firft sketch out the Refemblance_ of the Thing it reprefents, the Synonyma that follows, is, as it were, a fecond Touch of the Pencil, and finifiies the Image.

Indeed they mu ft be ufed with a deal of Difcretion and Oe- conomy. The Stile muft be rais'd and brighten'd, not ftuff'd or loaded with Synonymous Terms. They muft be ufed as Ornaments, and to render the Expreffion the more forcible,

without