Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/819

 S Y N

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S Y N

The Word is Greek, cu^voti, and fignifies a natural Co- herence or Connection.

SYMPHONY, in Mufic, a Confonance, or Confort of feveral Sounds agreeable to the Ear ; whether they be Vocal orlnflrumental, or both 5 call'd alio Harmony. See Har- mony and Consonance.

Some Authors reftrain Symphony to the fole Mufic of In- struments : In this Senfe, iay they, the Recitativo's in fuch, an Opera were intolerable, but the Symphonies excellent. See Song.

The Symphony of the Ancients went no further than to two or more Voices or Inftruments fet to Unifbn ; for they had no fuch Thing as Mufic in Parts 5. as is very well prov'd by M. Renault; at leaft, if ever they knew fuch a Thing, it muft be allow'd to have been lofl. See Synaulia.

'Tis to Guido Aretine we owe the Invention of Compofi- tion : J Twas he firft join'd in one Harmony feveral diftincl Melodies ; and brought it even the Length of four Parts, •viz,. Bafs, Tenor, Counter, and Treble. See Harmony and Melody.

The Word is form'd from the Greek uvv, with, and <ptJn, Sound. .

SYMPOSIAC, an Entertainment, or Converfation of rhi- lofophers at a Banquet. See Banquet.

'Plutarch has feveral Treatiies which he calls Sympojiaca ; or, The Banquet of the feven Sages, &c.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, wttfmnoy, Convivium, Feaft.

SYMPTOM, in Medicine, is ordinarily confounded with Sign, and defin'd an Appearance, or Conjunction of Appearances, in a Difeafe, which ihew or indicate its Na- ture and Quality, and whence one may judge of the Event thereof. See Sign.

In this Senfe, a Delirium is held a Symptom of a Fever 5 and Pain, Waking, Drowfinels, Convulsions, Suppreflion of "Urine, Difficulties of Breathing and Swallowing, Coughs, Difgufts, Naufeas, Thirft, Swoomngs, Faintings, Loofenefs, Ooftivenefs, Dryncfs and Blacknefs of the Tongue, ate held the principal Symptoms of Diieafes.

But Soerhaave gives us a much more juft and accurate Notion of a Symptom-. Every preternatural Thing, lays he, anting from a Difeafe, as its Caufe, in fuch Manner, however, as that it maybe diflinguifh'd from the Difeale itfelf, and from its next Caufe, is call'd a Symptom of the Difeafe. See Disease.

If it arife, after the fame Manner, from the Caufe of the Difeafe, it is call'd a Symptom of the Caufe. See Cause. .

If it arife from feme former Symptom as its Caufe, it is call'd a Symptom of a Symptom.

Whatever happens to a Difeafe, from any other Caufes than thole mention'd, is more properly call'd an Epigenema.

Hence it appears, that thefe former Symptoms are really Diieafes themfelves, very different as to Number, Effect, ££?<:. Tho', after the Ancients, they may be conveniently enough redue'd to Faults in the FwiBions, Excretions, and Retentions.

Under the firft come all Diminutions, Abolitions, In- creafes, and Depravations of Animal Actions, particularly with regard to Hunger and Thirft, Sleeping and Waking. See Hunger, Thirst, &c.

Under the fecond come, Navfea's, Vomitings, Lienteries, Osltae AfetJions, 'Diarrheas, 'Diftnteries, Iliac Pafjions, &c.

Under the third, come the Jaundice, Stone, Dropfy, Fe- ver, Jfchuria, Strangury, AJllma, Catarrh, &c. Each whereof fee under its relpeftive Article, Hunger, Nau- sea, Lientery, Diarrhjea, Jaundice, Dropsy, Stone, Fever, t$c.

SYMPTOMATICA!,, in Medicine, is a Term often ufed to denote the Difference between the primary and fe- condary Caufes in Difeafes 5 as, a Fever from Pain is faid to he Symptomatic al, becau'e ir arifes from Pain only j and therefore the ordinary Means inFeversare not, in fuch Cales, to be had recourle to - 7 hut to what will remove the Pain ; for when that ceafes, the Fever will ceafe, without any direft Means taken for that.

SYNJERESIS, in Grammar, a Figure, whereby two Syllables are united in one ; as vemenS for VehemenS.

SYNAGOGUE, a particular Affembly of Jews, met to perform the Offices of their Religion 5 alfo the Place where- in they meet. See Jews.

Some Authors take the Ufe of Synagogues to be of no old (landing among the Jews ; and maintain, that 'twas not till after their Return from the Sabylonip Captivity, that the Opinion firlt got footing, that the Worfhip of God was not fo'reftrain'd to the Temple at Jerufalem, that it could not be held any where elfe. The Confequence of which new Opinion was, that the Jews began to build them Synagogues in all their Cities. V

Others hold, that there were Synagogues even in the Time of David.

Be this as it will, no Affemblies of the Jews appear to

have been call'd Synagogues till a little before the Coming of Jefus Chrtjt ; who is laid to have preach'd in the Middle of rhe Synagogue.

There were teckon'd 480 Synagogues in the fingle City of Jerufalern.

There are (till Synagtgues fubfifling at London, Amfer- dam, Rotterdam, Avignon, Metz, &c.

The Word is Greek, wvaytyfi, Affembly.

SYNALJEPHA, in Grammar, a Contraction, or fhorten. ing of a Syllable, in a Latin Verie. See Verse.

It is perform'd various Ways; principally, by the fmother- ing fbme Vowel or Diphthong at the End of a Word, by Reafon of another Vowel or Diphthong at the Beginning of the next ; as ///' ego, &c.

SYNAUCHE, in Medicine, a kind of Squinancy, where- in the internal Mufcles of the Fauces, or Pnarynx, are at- tack'd. See Sojjinancy.

When the external Mufcles of the fame are feiz'd, it « call'd a 'Parafynanche. See Parasynanche.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, <niV, with, and ayyjiv, to prels, fiiffocate.

SYNARTHROSIS, in Anatomy, a kind of Articulation, or Jointure of the Bones of the Body. See Articula- tion.

The Synarthrcfis is when the Bones are bound fo fall: to- gether, that they are render'd immoveable with regard to each other.

'Tis divided into three Kinds : The firft, Slitura ; which is fometimes in Form of two Combs or Saws, the Teeth whereof enter within one another ; and fometimes in Form of Scales, one Edge lapping over the other. See Suture.

The fecond Kind is call'd Harrnonia ; which is when the Bones meet in an even Line, whether it be right or circular. See Harmonia.

The third, call'd a Gomphojis, is when one Bone is fixed into another like a Nail or Peg into a Hole. See Gom-

PHOSIS.

To thefe three Kinds of Synarthrofis, fbme add feveral others, as Symphifis, Syntenofn, and Synemenfis. See Sym- phisis, ££fc.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, o0v% with, and i'pEJe;, Articulus, Joint.

SYNAULIA, in the ancient Mufic, a Conteft of Pipes, performing alternately, without Singing.

Mr. Malcolm, who doubts whether the Ancients had pro- perly any fuch Thing as Inftrumental Mufic, that is, Mufic compofed wholly for Inftruments, without any Singing 5 yet quotes the Praclice of the Synaulia from Athenmts. See Symthony, Harmony, Music, c5c.

SYNCATEGOREGMA, in Logic, is ufed for a Word, which fignifying little or nothing of itfelf, yet when joined with others, adds Force thereto 5 as all, nme y cer- tain, &c.

SYNCELLUS, an ancient Officer in the Family of the Patriarchs, and other Prelates of the Eaftern Church.

The Syncellus was an Ecclefiaftic, wholiv'd with the Pa- triarch of Conftantinople, to be a Witnefs of his Conduct ; whence it is, that the Syncellus was call'd the 'Patriarch's Eye, becaufe his Bufinefs was to obferve and watch.

The Word, in the corrupt Greek, fignifies a Perfbn who lies in the fame Chamber with another.

The other Prelates had alio their Syncelli, who were Clerks living in the Houfe with them, and even lying in the fame Chamber 5 to be Witneffes of the Purity of their Manners.

At length the Office degenerated into a mere Dignity j and there were made Syncelli of Churches. At laft it be- came a Title, and was beftow'd by the Emperor on the Prelates themfelves ; whom they call'd 'Pontifical SynceU'h and Syncelli Augujiales.

There were alfo Syncelli in the Weflern Church, particu- larly in France. The Vlth Ceuncil of Paris fpeaks with a deal of Indignation of fbme Bifhops who abolifh'd th e Office of Syncelli, and lay alone $ and ftricUy enjoins them» that, for the future, to take away all Occafion of Sea"' dal, they make the Office of Syncelli infiparable from that of Bifhops.

SYNCHONDROSIS, in Anatomy, a kind of Articula- tion of the Bones of the Body ; being a Species of Syfflp 1 ' fs. See Symphisis.

The Synchondrosis fignifies the Union of two Bones by Means of a Cartilage ; in which Manner the Ribs are join'" to the Strrnum, and the Parts of the Os Pubis to one another.

T 1 T nrd is form'd from the Greek, oOv, with, and ^vS'c^t Ca-

_ieW- RONISM, the being or happening of federal 'llage. ,i the fame Time.

bXNCHWord is form'd from the Greek, wv and x^®* bings.i; ^The happening or performing of feveral Things in eq uaI

Times, a'sj the Vibrations of Pendulums, fjc is P ro P e ,,,^

call a