Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/806

 SUM

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SUM

'Tis called Milk of Sulphur from its Whitenefs '; and 'Balm trf 'Sttiphttft or of the Lungs, from its excellent Ufe in Dif- eaies of the Lungs and Breath See Balsom, &c

Salt of Sulphur, is a Chymical Preparation, very im- properly thus called, as being no other than the Sal Poly- chreiton, impregnated with Spirit of Sulphur, and reduced to an Acid Salt, by evaporating the Humidity thereof Some hold it a powerful Febrifuge. See Salt.

Sulphur of Antimony, is a fulphurous Matter drawn from Antimony by divers Operations. See Antimony.

That drawn from the Fieccs of the Crocus Metallorum, is by feme called, Golden Sulphur.

Sulphur Metallorum, or Sulphur of Metals, called alfo^ Sulphur Figens, is ufed among the Chymifts and Alchymiits for a peculiar Matter, which enters the Compofition of all Metals, See Metal.

Metals are fuppos'd to confift of two effential Parts, or Principles; Mercury as the Bafis, or Metallic Matter ; and Sulphur as the Binder or Cement, which fixes the fluid Mer- cury into a coherent malleable Mais. See Metal and Mercury.

Some of the lateft and beft Chymifts, particularly Monf, Ilomberg, will have this Sulphur to be no other than Fire, See Fire, Gold, Burning Glass.

SULTAN, or SOLDAN, a Title, or Appellation given the Turkip Emperor.

It had its Rife under Mahmoud, Son of Sebefteghin, the firft Emperor of the Dynaity ot the Gaznerides, towards the Cloie of the IVth Century of the jEra of the Hegira ; When that Prince going to Segcftm to reduce Kalaf the Governor ot that Province, who affected the Sovereignty ; Kalaf was no fooner advertis'd of his coming, than he went out before him, delivered the Keys of his Fortrefs, and own'd him his Suhan, that is, his Lord or Commander.

The Title pleated Mahmoud ib well, that he affumed it ever afterwards ; and from him it pafs'd to his Defendants, and to other Mahometan Princes.

Vatier will have the Word Ttirkijh, and to fignify King of Kings $ adding, that it was firft given the Princes Angro- lipex and Mafgud, about the Year 1055 ; others will have it originally 'Verfian, alledging, in Proof hereof, an ancient Medal of Cofroe's ; others derive it from Soldan quafi fclus dominus ; others from the Hebrew y^, Schalat, to rule, reign: From the Hebrew it pais'd into the Arabic, and thence to the Turks.

In the Roman Ceremonial, we find mention made of a Soldan, or Marfhal, who is to attend the Pope when he marches in State.

SULTANA, rhe Wife of a Sultan, The Favourite Sul- tana, is called Hhafeki-Sultan, i. e. private Sultana.

The Sultana Queen is the Emperor's chief Wife. The old Sultana, Mother of the Emperor reigning, is called the Sultana Valide. Sultana is alfo a Turkijh Veffel.

SUM, in Mathemaricks, fignifies the Quantity that arifes from the Addition of two or more Magnitudes, Numbers, or Quantities together. See Audition.

This is fbmetimes called the Aggregate 5 and, in Algebra, it is ufually denoted by the Letter Z, which Hands for Zu- ma, or Suma 5 and fbmetimes by the Letter S.

Sum of an Equation, is when the abfblute Number being brought over to the other Side, with a contrary Sign, the whole becomes equal to O : This lies Cartes calls the Sum of the Equation propos'd. See Equation-

SUMAC, a Drug ufed to die in Green 5 as alfo in the Preparation of Black Morocco, and other Leather, See Morocco.

It confills of the Leaves and young Branches of a Shrub, not unlike the little Service- Tree : The Leaves are longim, pointed, and hairy : The Flowers grow in Gutters, and are red, like our Roles. Its Fruit is a Kind of Grape, of a very aftringent Quality ; and its Seed almoft oval, and in- clofed in Capfulac of the like Figure.

The Antients uied them, inftead of Salts, to feafon their Meats withal 5, whence the Latins call the Tree Rhus Obfo- niofum, from its Ufe in the Drefling of Leather : 'Tis alfo called Rhus Coriaria. *Tis the Arabs call hSumac.

SUMMARY, an Abridgment, containing the Sum and Subftance of a Thing in a few Words.

The Summary placed at the Head of a Book, a Chapter, a Law, or the like, is very ul'eful to the Reader, to facilitate the Understanding thereof.

A Recapitulation, is to contain a Summary of the whole preceding Difcourle. See Recapitulation.

SUMMATORIUS Calculus, the Method of fumming differential Quantities 5 that is, from any Differential given, to find the Quantity from whofe Differencing the given Differential relults.

This Method we more ufually call, 'The inverfe Method of Fluxions-^ and Foreigners, Integrates Calculi s. See Calcu- lus Integral/*, and Fluxions.

SUMMER, one of the Seafons of the Tear, commen- cing, in thefe Northern Regions, on the Day the Sun enters Cancer 5 and ending when he quits Virgo. See Season,

Or, more ftrictly, and univerfally, the Summer begins oh the Day when the Sun's Meridian Diftance from the Zenith is the leaft. It ends on the Day when its Diftance is a Mea betwixt the greateft and imalleit.

The End of Summer coincides with the Beginning of Winter. See Winter. °

Summer, in Architecture, is a large Stone, the fi r fl. tnat is laid over Columns and Pilafters, in beginning to make a crols Vault; or 'tis the Stone which being laid ovet a Pj e droit or Column, is hollowed, to receive the firft Haunce of a Plat-band.

The Word is form'd from the French, Sommhr, which fignifies the lame Thing.

Summer, in Carpentry^ is a large Piece of Timber, which. being fupported on two Stone Peers, or Potts, ierves as a Lintel to a Door, Window, g£c,

There are alfo Summers ufed in various Engines, ^ ferving to fuftain the Weight, &c.

SUMMERS, in Building. See Bress-Summers and Girders.

SUMMET, the Vertex, or Point of any Body; as of a Triangle, a Pyramid, a Pediment, £$c. See Vertex.

The Word is formed from the French, Summer, which fignifies the lame Thing.

SUMMONER, or SUMMON1TOR, an Apparitor, who is to cite Offenders to appear at a certain Time and Place, to anfwer to the Charge exhibited againft them.

SUMMONS, in Law, a citing or calling a Perfon to any Court, to anfwer any Complaint, or even to give in his Evidence, &c.

This is the fame with the Vocatio in Jus, or the Citatio of the Civilians : Hence our old Word Sumner, or Sum- moner.

Summofis in Terra Tetita, is that made on the Land which the Party, at whofe Suit the Summons is lent out; feeks to have.

Summons ad Warrant izandum, is a Proccfs, whereby i Vouchee is called. See Vouchee-

Summons, in War, To fummons a Place, is to fend a Drum, or Trumpet, to command the Governor to furrender * or, in Defect thereof, to protelt to make an Affault, and to lay all in Fire and Blood.

SUMMUM %onum, in Ethicks, the chief Good of Hu- man Nature ; or that, which, by its Enjoyment, renders truly and compleatly happy.

The Schools diiiinguifli this chief Good of Man } into that which is fimply and adequately ib, and beyond which there can be no other ; and into a leffer and fubordinate one t which is in fome meafure attainable in this iaaperfecf State.

This laft they call Ft£licitas Viatorum ; and the former* Fcelicitas Comprehenforum.

SUMPTER-i&r/iP, is an Horfe that carries Provifions and NecefTaries for a Journey.

SUMPTUARY Laws, are Laws made to reftrain Excefs • in Apparel, Furniture, Eating, &c.

Molt Ages and Nations have had their Sumptuary Laws j and fome retain them (till, as the Venetians, French, £J>c. 'Tis obferved, that no Laws are ever worfe executed than Sumptuary Laws.

Tne Sumptuary Laws of that"* ancient Lccrian Legiilator Zaleucus, are famous : By thefe it was ordained, That no Woman fhould go attended with more than one Maid in the Street, except ihe were drunk ; That ilie fhould not go out of the City in the Night, unlefs (he went to commit Forni- cation: That fhe mould not wear any Gold or Embroider' d Apparel, unlefs fhe purpoled to be a common Strumpet. That Men fhould not wear Rings or Tiffues, except when they went a Whoring, &C

The Englift have had their Share of Sumptuary Laws, tho' all repealed by a Statute 1° Jac. I. or obfolete.

Under King Henry IV. Cambden'tdls us, Pride was got (o much into the Foot, that it was proclaim'd, That no Ma® fhould wear Shoes above fix Inches broad at the Tees. And their other Garments wete ib fhort, that it was enacfed, 25 Ed. IV. That no Perfon under the Condition of a Lord, fhould, from that Time, wear any Mantle or Gown, unlefs cf fitch Length, that, /landing upright, it Jhould cover his <Privy Members and Buttocks.

Among the Romans, the Sumptuary and Cibary Laws were very numerous : By the LexOrchia, the Number of Gueits at Feafts was limited, tho 1 without Limitation of the Charges thereof. By the Tanvian Law, made Twenty-two Years afterwards, it was enacted, That more than ten As's fhould notbefpentat any ordinary Fcaft : For the folemn Fealts^ as the Saturnalia, $c. an hundred As's were allowed ; Ten ot which, Gettius informs us, was the Price of a Sheep, and an hundred of an Ox* _

By the Vidian Law, which was preferr'd eighteen years after, it was decreed, That the former Sumptuary Laws fhould be of Force, not only in Rome, but alfo m Italy- And that for every Tranfgreffion, not only the Mailer ot the