Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/797

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Subreption differs from Obreption, in that Obreption is a filfe Expreflion of the Quality of a Thing or Fafl, {gel And Subreption, a want of Expreflion ; or a fraudulent Re- ticency or Concealment of a Thing, which would have render'd the obtaining of the Favour more difficult;

The Word is form'd from the Latin, fub, under, and repo, I creep.

SURREPTITIOUS or SURREPTITIOUS, a Term applied to a Letter, Licence, Patent or other Ait, fraudulent- ly obtain'd of a Superior, by concealing fume Truth, which had it been known, would have ptevcnted the Conceffion or Grant.

The Benefit of Letters, Licences, igc. is forfeited, when they are found contrary to the Informations given j they being then reputed Subreptitious.

Papal Bulls and Signatures are Null and Subreptitious, when the true State of the Benefice, the Manner of the Va- cancy, and other neceflary Matters, are not juftly fignified to the Pope.

Subreptitious differs from Obreptitious. SeeSuBREPTioN.

SUBROGATION, .in the Civil Law, the Aflion of Sub- stituting a Perfon in the Place, and intitling him to the Right, of another.

In its general Senfe, Subrogation implies a Succeffion of any Kind ; whether of a Perfon to a Perfon, or of a Perfon to a Thing,

There are two Kinds of Subrogations, the one Conventi- onal, the other Legal.

The Conventional, is a Contract, whereby a Creditor trans- fers his Debt, with all Appurtenances thereof; to the Profit of a third Perfon.

Legal Subrogation, is that which the Law makes in favour of a Perfon, who discharges an antecedent Creditor ; in which Cafe there is a legal Tranflation of all Rights of the ancient Creditor to the Perfon of the new one.

This the Civilians more uSually call Succefjion, as being wholly the Work of the Law, and to diftinguifh it from the conventional Subrogation, which they alfo call Ceffion. See Cession.

The Word is form'd from the Latin, Subrogatio, of the Verb Rogare, which, among the ancient Romans, fignified to ask, to interrogate ; whence it was, that they call'd the Laws themfelves Rogationes, in regard the People made them, upon being ask'd by the Magistrates. And as Laws made by the People could not be changed without their Confent, and without being ask'd a-new, if they thought good to have the Law wholly abolifh'd, Lex abrogabatur ; if only a Part of it were to be abolifh'd, Lex derogabatur ; and if any Claufe or Amendment were added to it, Lex fitbrogabatur.

The new Magistrates were alfo Subrogated in the Place of the old ones ; for during the Time of the Republic, no Magiftrate could be, but by Confent of the People, nor, of conSequencc, but by Law ; fince whatever the People thought good, was Law. This is what occafion'd Salmafius to fay, That Subrogare and Subflituere per Legem, were Reciprocals.

SUBSCAPULARS, ir, Anatomy, a Mufcle arising from the Balis and Side of the Scapula ; and, fpreading itfelf un- der the whole Convex, or Under-fide of it, is inferted by a Semicircular Tendon, into the Neck of the Os Humeri, and draws it down to the Side of the Trunk.

SUBSCRIPTION, the Signature put at the bottom of a Letter, Writing, or Instrument. See Signature.

In Church Hiftory, we meet with Instances of Subscrip- tions, wrote in the Blood of ffeflus Chrifl. Nicetas, in the Life of Ignatius, fpeaking of the SubfcriptionS made at the Council, wherein that Father was depofed, fays, They Sub- scribed, not with common Ink, but, what Strikes a Man with Horror, with a Pen dipp'd in the Blood of Chrifl. The Hifto- rian Theophan.es, tells us, That Pope Theodore mix'd the Blood of Chrifl with the Ink, wherein he wrote the Depofi- tion of Tyrrhus.

Subscription, in the Englifh Commerce, is ufed for the Share or Interest, particular PerSons take in a publick Stock, or a Trading Company, by writing their Names, and the Shares they require, in the Rcgifter thereof. Half the Com- merce in England is carried on in Subfcription. See Compa- ny, Bubble, Fund, ££?£.

The French have likewife adopted the Word Subfcription, ufing it in fpeaking of the Actions of the India Company.

A Subfcription differs from an Action ; in that the firft is properly only an Action begun, or an Engagement, by making the firft Payment, to acquit the reft in the Time limited ; and that the other is the whole Action, preform'd in all its Parts. See Action.

Subscription, in the Commerce of Books, particularly Signifies an Engagement a Perfon enters, to take a certain Number of Copies of a Book going to be printed ; and the reciprocal Obligation of the Bookfeller or Fublifher, to deli- ver the Said Copies on certain Terms.

The ufual Conditions of thefe SubfcriptionS, are, on the Part of the Bookfeller, to afford the Books cheaper to a Sub- scriber than to another, bv one Third or one Fourth of the

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Price ; and on the Part of this latter, to advance half theMoney in Hand, and to pay the reft on the Delivery of the Copies : An Agreement equally advantageous to the one and the other, as the Bookfeller ,s hereby fumifhed with Money to carry on Works which would otherwife be above his Stock ; and the ouMcriber as it were, receives Incereft for his Money, by the moderate Price the Book ftands him in

SubfcriptionS had their Rife in England, and 'tis but very lately that they are got into other Countries. They were firft fet on Foot, m the middle of the laft Century, for the printing of Ifalton s Polyglot Bible, which is the firft Book ever printed by Way of Subfcription.

From England, they pafs'd a few Years ago into Holland, and are just now introduced into France. F. Alontfaucon's Collection f Antiquities, is the firft Book there publifh'd by SubfcriptionS, which were fo very numerous, that great Numbers were refufed. The fame Method has been fince propofed for the Publication of S. Chryfottom by the Bene- dictms ; but not with equal Succefs.

„» A ™ the, ™ her Ecoks fince P rinted b y Subfcription, are M..Daciers Tranflation of "Plutarch's Lives; the Descrip- tion of Verfatlles, and R -Daniel's Hiftory of the French Mihtia.

In England, they are become exceedingly frequent ■ and their Frequency has render'd them liable to fome Ibufes which begin to difcredit them.

SUBSEQUENT, fomething that comes after another particularly with regard to the Order of Time. When two Feftivals happen on the fame Day, the principal One is cele- brated ; and the other transferr'd to the Subffmtent Dav i e to the Morrow. "

SUBSESQUIALTERATE -, SUBSUPERPARTICULAR ( See Ratio SUBSUPERPARTIENS i

SUBSIDY, in Law, any Aid, Tax or Tribute granted by Authority of Parliament to the King ; on preffinfOccafions of the State ; levied either on Perfons, Lands or Goods. See Duty.

Such are the Land Tax, as 'tis call'd ; which is ufually at the Rate of three or four Shillings in the Pound, for Lands, and of two Shillings and eight Pence for Goods, &c. See Tax.

In the : Lift ^of Englifli Duties, or Impositions, are divers Kinds of Subfidies : Old Subjidy, Additional Imposition to the old Subfidy. New Subfidy, third Subfidy ; Two-thirds Subfidy. See Duty, Custom, ?gc.

The ancient Saxon Kings had no Subfidies collefled after the Manner of ours ; but in lieu thereof, had feveral Cufloms whereby they levied Money or perfonal Service on the People' Sor the Repairing of Cities, Caftles, Bridges, military Expe- ditions &c. which they call'd Surgbote, Srisbote, Herefare Heregeld, £s>c. J

But upon the Lands becoming opprefs'd by the Danes, King Egelredus in the Year 1007, agreed to pay them yearly 10000 Pounds for Redemption of Peace, which Sum was afterwards increafed to 36000 Pounds, and at length to 48000 Pounds, which was call'd Danegeld, and was levied on Land ; each Hide, or Plough-land, that of the Church only excepted being ceSs'd ,2 Pence. See Danegeld.

Hence the Tribute came to be cail'd Hydagium, a Name that afterwards became common to all Taxes and Subfidies impofed on Lands; as thofe on Cattle, being call'd Hor- negeld. See Hidage.

Both theSe the Normans Sometimes call'd Srom the Greek. Taxes, and Sometimes from their own Language, Taillage and Sometimes, according to the Cuflom beyond-Sea, Subfidia, and Auxilia. J

After the Conqueft, thefe Subfidies Seem to have been granted differently Srom what they now are ; as every Ninth Lamb, every Ninth Fleece, every Ninth Sheep, f£c. Some- times the Rate was every Tenth, and Sometimes every Fifteenth, tfc. See Tenth, Fifteenth, fjc. See alfo Benevolence.

In France, the King alone, by his own Authority, impoSes Subfidies on his People, at his own Discretion. What Grotiits fays, that thofe who pay Subfidies toother Sovereigns to engage them in their Defence againft powerful Enemies, by fo doing, acknowledge their own Weakn'efs, and that Such an Acknowledgment diminifhes Somewhat of their Dignity ; mud be underflood of Such States as are too weak to defend themfelves, and who, in refpect hereof render thcmSelves, in Some meafure, Tributary; not of fuch as fubfifting by their own Strength, give Subfidies to their weaker Neighbours, to prevent their being over-run by others.

Such, e. gr. as the King of France is, with regard to Sweden, and feveral other Princes; to whom he generally grants Subfidies in the Treaties he concludes with them.

SUBSTANCE, in Phyficks, fomething that we conceive to Subfift oS itSelf, independanrly of any created Being or any particular Mode or Accident.

[N»] Thus