Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/796

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ticltl, only the Fluid Parts of Bodies are railed ; but in this, the Sond and Dry ; and that the Matter to be diitilled may be either Solid or Fluid ; but Sublimation is concerned only about folid Subitances. See Distillation.

There is alio another Difference, namely, that Rarefaflion, which is of very great Ufe in Diftillation, has hardly any Room in Sublimation ; tor the Subftances which are to be Sublime /, being Solid, are incapable of Rarefaction ; and fo it is only lm; ulfe can raife them.

However, it may not be improper to inquire a little more nicely into the Reafon of fuch a Divcrfity in the Elevation of Bodies ; why fome do afcend with a gentle Heat, and others are not to be raifed by the moll vehement Fire : And fuch an Enquiry will more properly come in here, becaufe this Head contains all the Bufmefs of Volatility and Fixation. See Volatility and Fixity.

The Caufe of this Elevation, and Alien t in the Particles of Bodies, is to be afcribed to the Fire ; not only on the ac- count of Impulfe, but of another Property the Fire has; namely, to inlinuate itfelf into all the Interfaces of thefe Bodies, and thereby break the Cohefion of their Parts, fo that at laft they become divided into very fmall Parts, if not into the fmalleU that Art can reduce them into.

Particles thus feparated and divided, lofe much of their Gravity. For the Gravity of the fame Panicle decreafes in the fame Proportion as the Cube of the Diameter is leffened. Suppofe, therefore, a Body, whofe Diameter is 1 2 : If, then, its Diameter be madelefs by 1, viz. n, the Gravity of that Body will be only 9 ^, or thereabouts : A Body, therefore, by being divided into very minute Corpufcles, is very eafily fublimed.

Add, that the Surface of a Body decreafes in a very different Manner from Gravity only as the Square of the Diameter is leffened. Where the Gravity decreafes, in fuch a Series, as is exprefs'd by the Numbers 1728, Ijt3li 1000, the Diminution of the Surface will obferve this Proportion, viz. 144, 121, 100; and when, upon reducing the Diameter to 6, the Gravity becomes lefs than 2, the Surface will ftill amount to 36.

How much this contributes to a quick Afcent, will appear from the Sublimation of Camphire, Benzoin and Arfenick ; whofe Particles, as they cohere but loofely, are, for that Reafon, diffufed inro a larger Surface ; upon which account they are the eafiett to be fublimei of any ; nay, thefe folid Particles, upon account of their Surface, will fooner afcend than fome Fluids.

So Flower of Sulphur rifes fooner than Oil, not only than that of Vitriol, but any other, though ever fo light.

By this Contrivance of Nature, viz. that the Gravity of Bodies decreafes in a triplicate, but their Surface in a dupli- cate Proportion of their Diameters ; it comes to pafs, that Bodies, which have a very different Gravity, may be raifed with the fame Force. Thus the Salts of Animals, as of Flans-horn, human Blood, of Vipers, (go. being compofed of very minute Corpufcles, as is found by Experience, in diflilling them, do eafily afcend ; becaufe the Surface in them, is not leffened fo much as the Gravity is 5 and the^Salts of Vegetables, as of Tartar, Balfam, Igc. which are of a more clofe Texture, by reafon of their larger Surfaces, are without much difficulty raifed.

The Corpufcles alfo of Minerals and Metals, though very comnafl and heavy, do, in fome meafure, give way to the Fire' and are capable of being Sublimed. In all thefe In- ffar.ces, the Breadth of the Surface, which expofeth the Particles more to the Impetus of the Fire, is the Reafon why they are raifed with as much Eafe, as if their Gravity had been leffened, by diminilhing their Surface : So that Particles though ever fo different in Weight, may be equally raifed by the fame Degree of Heat, if the Propofltion of their Gravity be reciprocal to that of their Surfaces.

SUBLIME, in Difcourfe, fomething extraordinary and furprizing, which {hikes the Soul, and makes a Work ravifri and tranfnort. .

This is what Lmginus, who has wrote exprefsly on the Subject means by Sublime. The Definition, indeed, is not his but M. Soileau's ; for the Author writing his Book after another of Cecitittl, on the fame Subjecf, employ'd almoft wholly in fhewing what the Sublime is, declined defining it, as fup'poiing it well known.

By the Definition, it may appeir, that the Sublime is a very different Thing from what the Orarors a\l the fublime Stxle. Sec Style'.

' The fublime Style nc-ceffmiy requires big and magnificent Words ■ but the Sublime may be found in a fingle Thoughr, a finiile'Figure, a fingle Turn of Words. A thing may be in the' Mblime Style, and yet not be Sublime, i.e. have nothing extraordinary and furprizing.

FoiTnftance: the Almighty Author of theVnmerfe, with a fitiSe Word, created Light. This, now, is in the fublime Style yet it is not Sublime, there being nothing extraor- dinary in it, which another Perfon might not eafily hit on. But as God [aid, Let there be Light, and there -was Light ;

fo extraordinary a Turn of Expreffion, which fh ews .1. Obedience of the Creature to the Orders of his Creator is truly Sublime, and has fomething more than Human. ' LoLghms makes five Sources ot the S"blime : The Firft certain Elevation of Mind, which makes us think happilv The Second, in the Pathetic, or that natural Vehemence an j Enthufiafm, which {hikes and moves us : Thefe Two a ' re owing almoit wholly to Nature, and muft be born with u s . whereas the reft depend, partly, on Art. The Third is, the turning of Figures in a certain Manner, both thofe of Thought and of Speech. The Fourth, Noblenefs of E x _ preffion, which confifts of two Parts, the Choke of the Words and the elegant, figurative Diction. The Fifth, which in- cludes all the reft, is the Compofition and Arrangement of the Words in all their Magnificence and Dignity. See P A . THETIC, $gc.

SUBLIMING Tots. See Aludels.

SUBLINGUAL Glands, in Anatomy, two Glands undei the Tongue, placed on each Side thereof See Tongue.

Thefe with the Sipoglottides filtrate a ferous Humour, of the Nature of Saliva, which they difcharge by little Duels nea rthe Gums, into the Mouth.

SUBMULTIPLE, in Geometry, (gc. a Submultifk Quantity, is that which is contained in a certain Number of times in another, and which therefore repeated a certain Number of times, becomes equal thereto. Thus 3 is a Submultifk of 21.

In which Senfe, a Submultifk coincides with a Quota Tart. See Quota 'Part.

Submultiple Ratio, is that between the Quantity contain'd, and that containing : Thus the Ratio of 3 to 2 1 is Submul- tiple. See Ratio.

In both Cafes, Submultifk is the Reverfe of Multiple: 21, e.gr. being a Multiple of ''3, and. the Ratio of 21 to 3 a multiple Rath. See Multiple.

Submultiple - - - - - ■ Submultiple Subfnperparticular Submultiple Subjuperbipartiens

See Ratio.

SUBNORMAL, in Geometry, a Line which determines the Point in the Axis of a Curve, where a Normal or Per- pendicular, rais'd from the Point of Contact of a Tangent to the Curve, cuts the Axis. See Curve.

Or, the Subnormal is a Line, which determines the Point wherein the Axis is cut by a Line falling perpendicularly on the Tangent in the Point of the Contacl.

ThusTM ( Plare Conicks, Fig. 19. ) being a Tangent to a Curve i n M ; And M R a Normal or Perpendicular to the Tangent; the Line PR intercepted between the Semiordinate P M and the Normal M R, is call'd the Subnormal.

Hence, i°, In a Parabola, as AM, (gc. the Subnormal P R is to the Semiordinate P M, as P M is to P T, and ME. toTM.

2? In the Parabola, the Subnormal P R is Subduple the Parameter ; and, confequenrly, an invariable Quantity.

SUBORDINATION, a relative Term, expreffmg the Degree of Superiority or Inferiority, between one tiling and another.

There is a Series of Subordinations running throughout all Nature. In rhe Church, there are feveral Degrees of Subor- dination, as of Deacons to Priefts ; PriefTs ro Prelates, £gc.

The like are obfervable in the fecular State ; In Offices of War, Juftice, £gc. and even

In the Sciences, Trigonometry is fubordinate to Geometry; and in the Virtues, Abftinence and Chaftity are plbcrdmats to Temperance. In Mufic, fome call the plagal Tones, fubor- dinate 'Tones. See Tone.

SUBORNATION, is a fecret or under-hand preparing, inftrucfing or bringing in, a falfe Witnefs, or corrupting or alluring a Perfon to do fuch a falfe Aft.

Hence the Subornation of Perjury, mention'd in the j^cf of General Pardon, 1 2 Car. II. c. 8. is the alluring to Perjury. See Perjury.

SUBPOENA, is a Writ, whereby all Perfons under the Degree of Peerage, are call'd into Chancery, in fuch Cafes, where the Common Law hath made no Provifion, fo that the Party can have no Remedy by the ordinary Courfe of Common Law.

The Peers, in fuch Cafes, are called by the Lord Chanel" lor's Letter, giving Notice of the Suit intended againfl them, and requiring them to appear.

There is alfo a Subfana ad teftifcandum, for fummoning of Witnefies, as well in Chancery, as in other Courts.

There is alfo a Subpoena in rhe Exchequer, as well in tQ e Court of Equity there, as in the Office of Pleas.

The Name is taken from the Words in the Writ, which charge the Parry fummoned to appear at the Day and Place afltgned ; Subpoena centum librarum.

SUBPOPLITiEUS, in Anatomy. See Poplitjeus.

SUBREPTION, the Aflion of obtaining a Favour from

a Superior by Surprize, or by a falfe Reprefentation

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