Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/787

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ganders and Italy, they always preach in Sides, 'Tis fup- pofed to be a Representation of the Extremities of the long Kobe wore by the ancient High Prieils. The Word is Greek, s-oAH, dignifying a long Robe or Veltment.

The Stola of the ancient Romans, &c was very different from that now in Ufe ; that being a kind of Robe firter for "Women than Men 5 iho' 'tw2s held a Robe of Honour among all Nations. Kings themielves fometimes ufed it^ and ibmetimes bellowed it as a Reward of Virtue.

Grown, of the Stole, the eldeft Gentleman of his Ma- jelly's Bed-chamber 5 whole Office and Honour it is, to pre- jent and pur on his Ma jelly's fir It Garment or Shirt every Morning • and to order the Things in the Chamber. Sec Vnv-Chamher.

Order of the Stole, an Order of Knights inltituted by the Kings of Arrogate 5 though as to the particular Author, or Time of the Initiation, we are in the Dark. The fir It Time we hear of it, is under Alpbonfus V. who mounted the Throne in 1416. Jufiniani takes it to have been in- Ilituted about the Year 3332.

Order of- the Golden Stole', a military Order at Venice $ thus called from a golden Stile which the Knights wear over the Left Shoulder, reaching to the Knee, both before and be- hind, a Palm and a Halt broad. None are railed to this Order but the Patricians or noble Venetians. Jttfiiniani obferves, That the Time of the Inititution of this Order is unknown.

STOMA-GH, Ventricle, m Ariatomy, £jr. a hollow, mem- branous Organ, defhned to receive the Food, and convert itinto Chyle. See Food, Digestion, Chyle, ££?c.

Irs Form is lotigiih, compared by iome to a Gourd ; by others to a Bag-pipe. "Tis fituate in the Epigaiirium, de- clining a little further to the Left than the Right. Its up- per Part is connected to the Diaphragm, the bottom to the Cawl ; the right Side to the Duodenum, and the Left to the Spleen.

It has two Orifices, one at each end. The Left Orifice is called j-of/*'/.©-, from rofttt, Mouth ; and alio xnfJ'ta. : This is join'd to the OEfophagus, of which it feems to be only a Continuation ; By this Orifice, the Aliments enter the Stomach 5 where being digefled, they afcend obliquely to the Pylorus, or right Orifice, which is united to the firit of the Interlines. See Pylorus.

The 'Stomach confifts -of four Membranes or Coats; the firll and inmofl is form'd of fliort Fibres, which ftand per- pendicularly upon the Fibres of the next Coat ; they are to be fecn plainly towards the Pylorus : when the Stomach is diftended with Meat, thefe Fibres become thick and fliort. Wbilfr. they endeavour to reftore themielves by their natural Elafticiry, they contrail: the Cavity of the Stomach for the Attrition and Expulfion of the Aliments. This Coat is much larger than the reft, being full of Plaits and Wrinkles, and chiefly about the Pylorus : Thefe Plaits retatd the Chyle, that it run not out of the Stomach before it be Sufficiently digefted. In this Coat, there are alio a great Ku ■ b?r of fma.Il Glands which ieparate a Liquor, which beimears till the Cavity of rhe Stomach, and helps the Con- coftion of the Aliments ; for which Reafon this Coat is calltd the Tunica Giandnlofa.

The Second is much finer and thinner ; it is altogether Nervous ; is of an exquifite Senle, and is called Nsrvofa.

The Third is Muicular, being made of ftreight and circular Fibres ; the ftreight run upon the upper Part of the Stomach, between its Superior and inferior Orifices, and the circular run obliquely from the upper Part of the Stomach to the Bottom. Of thefe, the innermolt delcends towards the right Side, and the outermolt towards the Left ; io that by their-. Action, both Ends of the Stomach are drawn to- wards its Middle, and the whole is equally contracted ; by their Contraction and continual Motion, the Attrition and Digeltion ot the Aliments, is in great meafure performed.

The fourth Tunic is common ; it comes from the Perito- naeum. The Stomach fends Veins to the Porta;, and Branches to the Galtroepiplois, accompanied with others of the Cceliac ; all lying immediately under the fourth Coat.

The Eighth Pair of Nerves gives two considerable Branches to the Stomach, which are {bread much about the upper Orifice; by which it is render'd very fenfible; whence alio, proceeds the great Sympathy betwixt the Stomachy Head and Heart ; on account whereof, Van^$elm§nt thought", that the Soul had its Seat in the upper Orifice of the Stomach.

For the Motion of tfoSroMAck ; Dr. Pitt in the <Philofo- phical Pra;.fatJions, acquaints us, that in differing a Dog, he found the periftaltic Morion of 'the Guts continued through the Stomach; the Pylorus, which is uliially found as high as theDi3phragma, being, in every Undulation, brought below the very bottom of the Stomach, fo that he could manifeftly obferve a Condriftion in the middle of the Stomach, at every Motion downwards, palling it in, Co as to be able to comprefs whatever was contained in its Cavity.

Theie Motions, lie obferves, were as regular as any he eve£ oblerved in the Guts; and adds, That he has fince obferved, the lame in three others ; whence one may iafely enough, conclude it holds of all. See Peristaltic.

Hence, we eafily fee the Realbn of the quick Distribution of theNouriilimenr ; the Food being no looner opened by the Drink and Spittle, & c. than it has a free Motion through the Pylorus into the Inteitines, from this Compreilton in the middle of the Stomach- See Intestines,

Ruminating Animals have four Stomachs; yet 'tis ob- ferved that lome of thefe, which have four in Z'.urope, tiave only two in Africa-, probably by reafon the Herbs in Africa, are more nourifhing. See Ruminant.

Birds that live ordinarily of Seeds, cover 'd with a tough Rmd, have a kind of Stomach call'd the Crop or Gizzern* confuting of four large Muicles without-fide, and a hard callous Membrane within. See Gizzern.

Such as live on Fleih, as Eagles, Vulturs, ££c. have only one. See Carnivorous, Granivorous, &C.

STOMACHIC, a Medicine that Strengthens the^AWZ^; and promotes the Office of Digeflion. See Stomach.

Of this Kind are Wormwood, Rhubarb, Mint, Maftic, Aloes, Pepper, Cinnamon, Aromarick Bitters, ££c. good Wine is alio a Stomachic.

Stomachic, in Anatomy, is applied to the Arteries, Veins, &e. of the Stomach ; call'd "alfo Gaftric See Gastric.

.. The Stomachic Veins terminate in the Trunk of the Vena Porta, and the Splenic Vein.

The Stomachic Arteries arife from the Cceliac.

The Stomachic Nerves come from the Eighth Pair.

STONE, in Natural Hiftory, a hard, iblid, mineral Body, neither fufible nor malleable, form'd, in Succeffion of Time, in the Body of the Earth. See Fossil.

Origin and Formation cf Stones.

For the Origin and Formation of Stones, M, Tottmeforti on his Return from the Haft, in the Year 1702, propoled to the Royal Academy, a new .Theory.

On a curious Survey of the famous Labyrinth of Crete > he obferved, that feveral People had Engraven their Names in the living Rock, whereof its Walls are form'd ; and; what was very extraordinary, the Letters whereof they confuted, initead of being holl -w, as they rauft have been at firft (being all cut with Knife-points) w'eie prominent, and flood out from the Surface of the Rock, like fo many Baffb-Relievo's. See Labyrinth.

This is a Pna^nomenon no otherwife accountable for, than by iuppofing the Cavities of the Letters fill'd infeniibly, with a Matter iMuing from out of the Subilance of the Rock ; and which even ifTued in greater Abundance than was neceffary for filling the Cavity. Thus is the Wound made by the Knife healed up, much as the Fracture of a broken Bone is consolidated by a Callus, form'd of the extravafared nutritious Juice, which riles above the Surface of the Bone : And this Refemblance is the morejuft; as the Matrer of the Letters was found whitifli, and the Rock itielf greyifh.

Something very like it, is obferved in the Barks of Trees, wherein Letters have been cut with the Knife ; 16 that the Poet had Reafon to iay, That the Characters grew as the Trees themielves grew : Crefcent illco, crefcetis amores.

M. '■Tournejort iupports his Opinion by fimilar Calus's apparenrly form'd in feveral other Stones, which re-unite them, after, by Accident, they have been broken.

From thefe Observations, it follows, that there are Stones which grow in the Quarries, and of Confluence that are fed; that the fame Juice which nouriilies them, ferves to rejoyn their Parts when broken ; juft as in the Bones of Animals, and the Branches of Trees, when kept up by Bandages; and in a Word, that they vegetate.

There is, then, no room to doubt but that they are orga- nized; or that they draw their nutritious Juice from the Earrh. This Juice muft be firft filtrated and prepared in their Surface ; which may be here efteem'd as a kind of Bark, and hence it mull be convey'd to all the other Parts.

'Tis highly probable, the Juice which fill'd the Cavities of the Lettets, was brought thither from the bottom of its Roots ; nor is there any more Difficulty in conceiving this^ than in comprehending how the Sap fhould pafs from the Roots of our largefi Oaks, to the very Extremities of their high eft Branches.

It muft be owned, the Heart of thefe Trees is exceeding- ly hard ; and yet thofe of SrafL call'd Iron IVcod, Guiacurri and Ebony, are much harder. Cor.il is as hard in the Sea as out of it ; and Sea Mufirirooms, which every Body allows to grow, are true Stones, and fb, like the common Stones, are ufed in America to make Lime of.

None, we believe, ever doubted that Shells grow by means of a nutritious Juice ; and yet this Juice is convey'd

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