Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/784

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S T E

11 £ 12 the Meridian 5 6 3 6 the prime Vertical, or Azimuth of Eaftand Weft ; (Fig. 25.) maI « s P = Half-tangent of 38° So' (or Tangent of 19 15') P ftiall be the Pole of the World. MakeZ E= Half-tangent of ji° 30' (orTangent of 2;° 4?') and E» = Secant ; f D M the „

z> = i angent } 3 D J 7

fhall be the Centre of the Equinoctial 6 E 6. In this Pro- lection Almicantcrs, are all parallel to the primitive Circle : And Azimuths are all right Lines parting through s the Centre of the Primitive, to the equal Divifions in the Limb. Parallels of Declination are all lefler Circles, and parallel to the Equinoctial, and their Interfections with the Meridian are found, by fetting the Half-tangent of their Diftance from the Zenith, Southward or Northward, or both Ways from Z: Their Centres are found, by biffccling the Diftance be- tween thofe two Points ; for the Middle /hall be the Centre of the Parallel. Thus z> s = Half tangent of io° oo' = Diftance of the Tropick of S from the \

Zenith - - - - - - - - /to the Southward,

And v? = Half-tangent of 75° = Di- Nor downward from

fiance of the Tropick of v from f as,

the Zenith -- - J

and the Interferon again with the North of the Meridian, is at 105^ 30 £ ^ or ^ ^ i to the Northwards or upward from «.

For the Hour-circles make ac=: Tangent of 51 30', orP C equal Secant of 5-1° 30', draw GCT perpendicular to the produced Meridian : Then, if from c with the Radius z c, you let off the Tangents of t$° 30 45°, l$c. both ways, you will have the Centres of the fevcral Hour-circles,. 7 and 5, 8 and 4, i$c. Note, In all Sterecgraphick c ProjeBions, all Diameters are meafured on the Scale of Half-tangents 5 and this is the Ground of all Dialling, or the true Projection of the Hour-Circles of the Sphere on any given Plane. See Sphertck. Geometry, Dialling, &c.

STEREOGRAPHY, the Art of drawing the Forms of Solids upon a Plane. See Solid.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, r£«©-j Solid, and yfdoot I defcribe.

STEREOMETRY, that" Part of Geometry, which teaches how to meafure Solid Bodies, i. e. to find the Solidity or folid Content of Bodies ; as Globes, Cylinders, Cubes, VelTels, Ships, £f?c. See Solid and Solidity.

The Methods hereof, lee under the refpective Bod ; es, as Gloee, Sphere, Cylinder, &c.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, rsfgof, Solid, and pATfov, Meafure. See Cubature.

STEREOTOMY, the Art or Science of cutting Solids, or making Sections thereof $ as in Profiles of Architecture, in Walls and other Solids to be cut. See Section.

The Word is form'd from ssyzh, and Ttyti), Section.

STERILITY, the Quality of fomething Barren ■? in oppo- sition to Fecundity See Barrenness and Fecundity.

Sterility was held a grievous Affliction by the Wives of the ancient Patriarchs. Nature has annex'd Sterility to all monftrous Productions, that the Creation might not dege- nerate. Hence the Sterility of Mules, l£c. . See Monster, Mule, l$c.

The Sterility of Mercury, fays the Alchymifts, refembles that of Women who are too cold and moift 5 and who, by being purged and heated, wou'd be raited from their Sterility y as Mercury is when purged according to the Rules of Art.

The Word is formVl from the Latin Sterilitas, of Steritis, Barren.

STERLING, a Term frequent in the Englifb Commerce. A Pound, Shilling, or Penny Sterling, fignifies as much as a Pound, Shilling or Penny of lawful Money of Engla?id, as fettled by public Authority. See Pound, Shilling, £f?c.

Our Antiquaries and Criticks are greatly divided, as to the Origin of the Word Sterling. Buchanan fetches it from the Cattle of Sniveling or Sterling in Scotland, where a fmall Coin was anciently ftruck, that in time came to give Name to all the reft.

Cambden and Spelman derive the Word from Ed{?erling$ obferving, That in the Reign or King Richard!' Money coin'd in the Eaft Parts of Germany, began to be of efpecial Requeft in England, by reafon of the Purity thereof; and was called Eaficrling Money ; as all the Inhabitants of thofe Parts were called Eafierlzngs ■ fome of whom, skill'd in Coinage, were foon after fent for over to perfect the Englift Money, which was thenceforwards denominated from them, Sterlmg for Eafterling ; not, fays Cambden from Striveling in Scotland, nor from a Star which fome dream to have been coined thereon 5 for in old Deeds, the Englife Species are always call'd Nltmmi Eaflerlwgi, which implied as much as good and lawful Money, l$c,

Somner, again, derives the Word from the Saxon, Steore,

a Rule or Standard $ intimating, that this, as to Weight and

Finenc/s, was to be the common Standard of all current

Money.

In Stow, and fome other of our ancient Writers, Eajferling

is ufed for a certain Coin, amounting nearly to our Silver^ penny 5 and on fome Oceafions we find the fame Word Ster ting ufed in the general for any Piece of Money ; i c bei nff obfervable, that, for a good while together, there was no other Coin but Pennies, with which Sterlings or Efierlhgs were become fynonymous : Much as among the Ancients, the Words ^Denarius and Uummus were ufed. See Penny, De Na , rius, Nummus, %£c.

STERN of a Shif, is all the hindermoft Part of her generally fpeaking 5 but properly, it is only the outmoft p ar J. ofher, abaft. See Ship, Abaft, g?e.

Stern, among Hunters, is the Tail of a Grey-hound or a Wolf.

STERNOHYOIDEUS, in Anatomy, a Pair of Mufcles arifing from the upper and internal Part of the Bone of the Sternum, and part of the Clavicle, and adjoining Part of the firft Rib, with abroad Origin 5 and which running from the Afpera Arteria, Glandular Tbyroidea?, and Cartilago Scuti- formis, terminates in the Bafe of the Os Hyoides. It draws the Bone ftraight upwards.

STERNOTHYROIDES, in Anatomy, aPair of Mufclcs of the Larynx; arifing in the Sternum, or Breaft Bor.e, and terminating in the Cartilago Thyroidcs. They ferve to draw down that Cartilage.

STERNUM, ^Breajl-bone, in Anatomy, a Bone that makes the Fore-part of the Breaft, and is fituated in the- middle of the Ribs. See Bone.

In Adults, it con/ifts of one Angle Piece - 7 but in Infants, of fev-eral, according to the Diverfity of Age. Kerkringius tells us, he has never feen more than Six. They continue Cartilaginous 'till Seven Years of Age 5 and are not very Solid afterwards, but Spongeous.

At the lower Extremity of the Sternum, is a Cartilage, called Xiphcides or Enjif or jnis 7 becaufe refembling the Point of a Sword. See Xiphoides, &c.

The Ufe of the Sternum is to defend the Heart, and to receive the Extremities of the true Ribs. SeeRm.

The Word is form'd from the Latin, Sterm 5 the Breaft being, as it were, couch'd upon it.

STERNUTATIVE, or STERNUTATORY, a Me- dicine proper to occafion Sternutation, or Sneezing.

Sternutatories are of two Kinds, gentle and violent : Of the firft Kind, are Betony, Sage, Marjoram, Tobacco, &c.

Of the latter, are Euphorbium, white Heiliborc, Pcllirory, &c.

Sternutatories have their Effect by their ftiarp, pungent Parts vellicating the inner Membrane of the Nofe, which is exceedingly fenfible, and occafioning the Serous Matter con- tained in the Glands of the Nofe, and in feveral Sinus's fituate in the Bafe of the Cranium, and the Os Frontis, to be expelfd. See Nose.

STEW, a kind of fmall Fifh-pond, the peculiar Service whereof is, to maintain Fifh, and keep them in Readinefs, for the daily Ufes of a Family, &c. See Fish.

The Fifh. bred in the large Ponds, are drawn and put in here. For two large Ponds of three or four Acres apiece, 'tis advifeable to have four Ste-zvs, each two Rods wide, and three long. The Steivs are ufually in Gardens, or at leaft near the Houfe, to be more handy, and the better look'd to.

The Method of making them, is to carry the Bottom in a continual Decline from one End, with a Mouth to favour the drawing with a Net. See Pond.

Stews or Stties, are Places anciently permitted in England to Women of profefs'd Incontinency, for the Proffer of their Bodies to all Comers.

Thcfe were under particular Rules, and Laws of Difcipline appointed by the Lord of the Manor.

The Word is probably borrowed from the French, EftuveS, hot Baths, in regard Wantons are wont to prepare themfelves for venereal Acts, by Bathing z, and that this is not new, Homer fhews in the Eighth Book of his Odxffey.

STEWARD, orSehefchal, an Officer, whereat there are various Kinds ; thus cali'd from the Steda, Stead, Place or Room, and Weard, Ward, or Keeper, q. d. a Lieutenant ; or Perfon appointed in Place of another.

Lord High Steward of England, is the firft and higheft Officer of the Crown; as having the Power of what We call a Vice Roy, the Danes, &c. Stadtholder, and the Swedes, Reichs drojjet, q. d. Vice Rex.

The common Lawyers call \\\ra Magnus Anglitf Senefihalh'S- His Office, as cxpreis'd in an ancient Record, was to fuper- vife and regulate the whole Kingdom, both in Time of Peace and War, immediately under the King and after him j an Authority fb very great, that it was not judged fafe, to truft it any longer in the Hands of any Subject.

The Office was Hereditary and Permanent, till the Time of Henry IV. fince whom it has only been made ^Prohac vice y occasionally ■■, as to officiate at a Coronation 5 at the Arraign- ment and Trial of fome Nobleman for Treafon, or other great Crime. During his Stewardship, he bears a white Stan