Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/781

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mark'd down in his Sacramentary, as they now ftand in the 'Roman Miffal • attaching them chiefly to the Patriarchal and Titular Churches : But though the Stations were fix'd, the Archdeacon did not fail, at each Station, to publifh. to the People the following Station.

Station is alfo a Ceremony in the Romifi Church, wherein the Priefts or Canons go out of the Choir to ring an Anthem before the Crucifix, or the Image of our Lady. This Cere- mony is afcribed to S. Cyril.

STATIONARY, in Aftronomy, the State of a Planet when it feems to remain immoveable in the fame Point of the Zodiac. See Station.

The Planets having fometimes a progreffive and fometimes a retrograde Motion ; there will be fome Point wherein they appear Stationary. Now a Planet will be feen Stationary, when the Line that joins the Earth's and Planet's Centre, is conttantly directed to the fame Point in the Heavens ; that is, when it keeps patallel to itfelf. For all right Lines drawn from any Point of the Earth's Orbit, parallel to one another, do all point to the fame Star ; the Diftance of thofe Lines being infenfible, in comparifon of that of the fix'd Stars.

Saturn is feen Stationary, at the Diftance of fomewhat more than a Quadrant from the Sun ; Jupiter at the Diftance of ji", and Mars at a much greater Diftance. Saturn is Stationary 8 Days, Jupiter 4, Mars 2, Venus 1 i and Mer- cury i ; though the feveral Stations are not always equal; SeeSATuRN, Jiff.

STATOCELE, in Medicine, a Rupture, or Tumour iri the Scrotum, confifting of a fatty Subftance refembling Suet. See Hernia.

STATUARY, a Branch of Sculpture, employ'd in the rhaking of Statues. See Statue.

Statuary is one of thofe Arts wherein the Ancients furpafs'd the Moderns : Indeed 'twas much more popular, and more cultivated among rhe former than the latter. See Sculp- ture.

'Tis difputed between Statuary and 'Painting, which of the two is the moil difficult and the moft artful. See Paint- ing.

The Invention of Statuary was at firft very coarfc. Leon "Bat- tijl Albem ', who has an cxprefs Treatife on Statues, imagines that it took its Rife from fomcthing cafualiy obferved in the Productions of Nature, that, with a little Help, might feem difpofed to reprefent the Figure of fbme Animal. The com- mon Story is, That a Maid, full of the Idea of her Lover, made the firft Eftay, by the Affiftance of her Father's Im- plements, who was a Potter. This at leaft, is pretty certain, rhat Earth is the firft Matter Statuary was practifed upon.

St atu ary is alfo ufed for the Artificer, who makes Statues. In [his Scnfe we fay, 'Phidias was the greateft Statuary among the Ancients, and Michael /fngelo among the Moderns.

STATUE, a Piece of Sculpture in full Relievo, reprefent- ing a human Figure. See Figure.

Daviler, more Scientifically defines Statue a Representa- tion in high Relievo and Infulate, of fome Perfon diftinguifh'd by his Birth, Merit or great Actions ; placed as an^ Orna- ment in a fine Building, or expofed in a publick Place to pre- fervc the Memory thereof.

Statues are form'd with the Chiflel, of feveral Matters, as Stone, Marble, plaifter, {$c. See Stone, Marble, Chissel, f£c.

They are alio caft of various Kinds of Metals, particularly Gold, Silver, Brafs and Lead.

For the Method of cafiixg Statues; fee Foundery of Statues.

Dedaltts, the Son of EufalamUS, who- lived not only be- fore the Siege of Troy, but even before the Expedition of the Argct^auts, among many other notable Contrivances afcribed to him, is faid to have been the Inventor of Statues. And yet 'tis certain, there were Statuaries before him ; only he twas firft found how to give them Action and Motion, and to make them appear as if alive. Before him, they made them with the Feet joined together, never intending to exprefs any Action. He firft loofened the Feet of his, and gave them the Attitudes of People walking and acfing.

The Phoenicians are faid to have been the firft who erccred Statues to the Gods.

The Greeks fuccceded in their Statues beyond the Romans ; both the Workmanftiip/and the Fancy of the Roman Statites, were inferior to the Grecian. Indeed we have very few re- maining, that have efcaped the Injuries of Time.

In Stricf nefs, the Term Statue is only applied to Figures on Foot ; the Word being form'd from the Latin, Statura, the Sizeof the Body ; or from Stare, ro ftand.

Statues are ufually diftinguifti'd into four Kinds; the Firft, arc thofe lefs than the Life ; of which Kind we have feveral Statues of Men, of Kings, and Gods thcmfelves.

The Second, of thofe equal with the Life ; in which

Manner it was, that the Ancients, at the publick Expence,

ufed to make Statues of Perlons eminent for Virtue, Learning,

or the Services they had done.

The Third, of thofe that exceed the Life ; among which,

thofe which furpafs'd the Life once and a hatf we're fot Kings and Emperors; and thofe double the Life, for Heroes.,

1 lie Fourth Kind, were of thofe that exceeded the Life twice or thnee, or even more, and were called ColcffitsS. See Colossus. m

Every Statue refembling the Perfon it reprefents, is called Statua Iconica.

Greet Statue, is ufed for a Figure that is Naked and Antique ; it being in this Manner the Greeks reprefented their Deities, Athletic of the Olympic Games, and Heroes. The Rcafon of this Nudity, whereby the Greek Statues are'di- ftinguiftied, is, that thofe who exereifed WreftlinUj wherein the Greek Youth placed their chief Glory, always'nerform'd naked.

The Statues of Heroes were particularly called Achillean Statues, by reafon of the great Number of Figures of that Prince, in moft of the Cities of Greece.

Roman Statues. This Appellation Was given to fuch as were cloath'd, and which receive various Names from their various Dreffes. Thofe of Emperors with long Gowns over their Armour, were called Statute Paluiatg ; thofe of Captains and Cavaliers, with Coats of Arms, Thoraccttie i Thofe of Soldiers, with Cuiraffes, Loricate ; thofe of Senators and Augurs, 1'rabeatte ; thofe of Magiftrates with long Robes, 'Legate ; thofe of the People with a plain Tu- nica, twacate; and laftly, thofe of Women with long Trains, Stolattt.

The Romans had another Divifion of Statues, into Divine, which were thofe confecrated to the Gods, as Jupiter, Mars, Apollo, lie. Heroes, which were thofe of the Demi-Gods, as Hercules, (Sc. and Aitguft, which were rhofe of the Em- perors ; as thofe two of O/wand Auguftus, under the Portico of the Capitol.

PedejlrianSr krvE, a Statue ftanding on foot; as that of King Charles II. in the Royal Exchange, and that of King James II. in the Privy Gardens.

Equejlrian Statue, that reprcfenting fome illuftrious Perfon on Horfeback ;. as that famous' one of Marcus Aurelius at Rome, and thofe of King Charles I. and II, at Charing-Crofs and in Stocks-Market, London.

Curttle Statue. Thofe are thus called, which are repre- fented in Chariots drawn by Siga or gltddrigtf,thatis, by two or four Horfes ; of which Kind there were feveral in the Circus's Hippodromes, gfc. or in Cars, as we fee on triumphal Arches in antique Medals. See Curule,

Allegorical Statue, that which, under a human Figure, or other Symbol, reprefents fomething of another Kind, as a Part of the Earth, a Seafon, Age, Element, Temperament Hour, S$c.

Hydraulick Statue, any Figure placed as ah Ornament to a Fountain or Giotto ; or that does the Office of a Jet d'Eatl, a Cock, Pipe or rhe like, by any of its Parts, or by an Attri- bute it holds. The fame is to be underftood of any Animal ferving for the fame Ufe.

ColoffalSTb_TV-£. y

'Perfian Statue (. Caryatic St atue }

C Colossus. See <; Persian Order. C Caryatides.

STATURE, the Size or Height of a Man ; from the Latin, Statura, of Stare, to ftand.

The Stature, or Pitch of Man, is found admirably well adapted to the Circumftances of his Exiftence. Had Man obferves Dr. Grew, been a Dwarf; he could fcarce have been a reafonable Creature : For, to that End, he muft have had a Jolt head ; and then he would not have had Body and Blood to fupply his Brain with Spirirs ; or if he had had a fmall pro- portional Head, there would not have been Brain enouch for his Bufincfs. Again, had Man been a Gyant, he could not have been fb commodioufly fupplied with Food: For there would not have been Flelh enough of the beft edible Beafts to fupply his Turn ; or if the Beafts had been made propor- tionably bigger, there would not have been Grafs enough, SSc. See Dwarf, Giant, igc.

'Tis a common Opinion, however, and has been fb, ever fince Homer's Time, that People in the eatheft Ages of the World, much furpafs'd the Moderns in Stature ; and 'tis true, we read of Men, both in facred and profane Hiftory, whofe Pitch appears furprizing ; bur then 'tis true, they were efteemed Giants.

The ordinary Stature of Men, Mr. Uierham obferves, is in all probabiliry the fame now, as at the beginning ; as may be gathered from the Monuments, Mummies, Ijc. ftijl remaining. The oldeft Monument in the World, is that of Cheops, in the firft Pyramid of Egvpt, which Mr. Greaves obferves, fcarce exceeds the Meafureof our ordinary Coffins. The Cavity, he fays, is only 6,488 Feet long, 2,21s Feet wide, and 2,160 deep: From which Dimcnfions, and thofe of feveral Embalmed Bodies, taken by him in Egypt, that accurate Writer concludes, there is no Decay in Nature- but that the Men of this Age are of the fame Stature as thofe 3C00 Years ago.

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