Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/767

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Ke does not here lay down his Notion of the Deity openly $ but contents himfelf with insinuating it.

In his Conventions, he ufed to be more exprefs ; and maintained, That God is not, as we imagine him, an infinite, intelligent, happy and perfeft Being ; nor any thing, but that natural Virtue, or Faculty, which is diffufeel throughout all Creatures. See Nature.

There have been abundance of Anfwers made to this Work of Spitiofa ; but all exceedingly weak, except what we. have in Clark's Sermons at 'Boyle's Lecture.

Spinoff in the faid Treatiie, is very full on the SubjecT: of the Authors of the Scriptures ; and endeavours to iliew, That the Pentateuch is not the Work of Mofes ; contrary to the common Opinion, both of the Jews and Chriftians. He has alfo his particular Sentiments, as to the Authors of the other Books. This Part of the Treatife has been anfwered by M. Hziet, in his 1)e}mi?firation Evavgelique ; and by M. Simon, in his Hijf. Crit. du vieitx Tefi. See Penta- teuch.

SPINSTER, in Law, an Addition ufually given to all unmarried Women, from the Vifcount's Daughter 'downwards. Yet Sir Edward Coke fays, Generofa is a good Addition for a Gentlewoman ; and that if ihe be named Spinfier in anv Original Writ, Appeal or Indictment, ihe may abate and quafli the fame.

Sfehnan fays, That anciently, even the Queens ufed the Diftaff and Spindle; whence Spinjier became a common Ap- pellation for all Women.

SPIRAL, in Geometry, a curve Line, of the circular Kind, which in its Progress, recedes from its Centre; as in winding from the Vertex down to the Bafe of a Cone. See Spire.

J Tis called from its Inventor, Archimedes\ Spire, or Helix 5 and is thus defcribed :

Divide the Periphery of a Circle A P p A (Tab. Geometry Eg. 59.) into any Number of equal Parts, by a continual BifTc£r.ion in the Points p. Into the fame Number of Parts divide the Radius C A, and make C M equal to one Part, C//Z to two Parts, \£c. Then will the Points M ?;z, m, &c. be Points in the Spiral, which connected, will give the Spiral itlelf. This now, is called the firfl Spiral, and the Space in- cluded between its Centre, and thePoint A, the Spiral Space. This firft Spiral may be continued to zfecond Spiral, by defcribing another Circle with double the Radius of the Firft ; and the Second may be continued a Third, by a third Circle, &c.

Hence, i e, A P is to the Periphery, as Qm to the Radius. Wherefore, if the Periphery be called p, the Radius A C=r, AP=«, PM=rj>; then will CM=r-_y : Confequently as P : mr : : x : r—y, we ftiall have pr~py=rx.

2° If CM=)i; then will rx=py. Which Equation the Spiral has in common with the Quadratrix of c Dinoftrates, and that of 'Tjckimhaiifen ; and therefore r* x m =p" y m will ferve for infinite Spirals and Quadratrices. Sec Quadra- o*rix.

3 The Lines M ra, M m, &c. are to one another as the Arches of the Circle, intercepted between MA and thofc Lines ; And, when continued, making equal Angles with the firft and fecond Spiral, are in arithmetical Proportion.

4 Lines drawn from M to the fecond Spiral, are to each other as the faid Arches, together with the whole Periphery added on both Sides.

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SP I

Quadrature of Spirals 7 Logijlic Spiral 5

See

C Quadrature. £ Logistic.

Spiral, in Architecture, Sculpture, Hgc. is a Curve that afcends, winding about a Cone or Spire ; 10 as all the Points thereof continually approach the Axis : By this it is di- ftingui/hed from the Helix, which winds after the fame Manner, around a Cylinder. See Helix.

Ignorant Architects confound the Two : But the more knowing diftingui/h them carefully.

The Spiral Line is conceived to be thus generated.

If a Right Line as A B, (Tab. Geometry Fig. 40.) having one End fix'd at B, he equally moved round, 10 as with the other End B, to defcribe the Periphery of a Circle ; and at the fame Time, a Point be conceived to move forward, equally from B towards A in the Right Line AB, fo as that the Point defcribes that Line, while the Line generates the Circle :

Then will thePoint, with its two Motions, defcribe the curve B, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, i£c. which is called a Spiral Line, and the plain Space contained between the Spiral Line, and the Right Line B A, is called the Spiral Space.

Again, if the Point B be conceived to move twice as flow as the Line AB; fo that it /hall get but Half way along B A, when that Line /hall have formed the Circle ; and if then, you imagine a new Revolution to be made of the Line carry- ing the Point, fo that they /hall end their Motion, at leaft, together ; there /hall be formed a double Spiral Line ; as in the Figure : From the Manner of which, may be eafilv clrawn theft Corollaries. '

i. That the tines B 15, B ir, B 10, t$c. tnakim? equal Angles with the firft and fecond Spiral (as alfo B 1 2', Bio, B 8, (5c.) are in an arithmetical Proportion.

2. The Lines B 7, B 10, &c. drawn any how to the firft Spiral, ate to one another as the Arches of the Circle inter- cepted betwixt BA, and thofeLir.es: Bccaufe whatever Parts of the Circumference the Point A defcribes as flip- pofe 7 the Point B will alfo have run over 7 Parts of the Line A B.

3. Any Line drawn from B to the fecond Spiral, as B 18, B22, tgc. are to each other, as the aforefaid Arches, together with the whole Periphery added on both Sides: For at the fame time that the Point A runs over 12, or the whole Peri- phery, or perhaps 7 Parts more, /hall the Point B have run over 12, and 7 Parts of the Line A B, which is now fuppofed to he divided into 24 equal Parts.

Proportional Spirals, are CachSpiral Lines, as the Rumb Lines on the Terreftrial Globe, which, becaufc they make equal Angles with every Meridian, muft alfo make equal Angles with the Meridians in rheStereographick Predion on the Plane of the Equator ; and therefore will be, (as Dr. Halley obferves) proportional Sprirak about the Polar Point. From whence he demonftrates, that the Meridian Line, is a Scale of Log-Tangents of the Half Meridian-Complements of the Latitudes.

Spiral Stairs, in Building. See Stairs.

SPIRE, SPIRA, in the ancient Architecture, is fometimes ufed for the Bafe of a Column; and fometimes for the Mra- gal or Tore. See Base.

From the Latin, Spine, the Folds of a Serpent, which when laid, bears fome Rcfemblance thereto ; or from the Greek, wnl?*, the Coils of a Rope.

SPIRIT, in Theology, is ufed by way of Eminence, for the Third Perfon in the Holy Trinity ; called 1 'he Spirit, or The Holy Spirit. See Trinity and Person.

The Macedonians, s£c. deny the Divinity of the Spirit. See Macedonians.

The Mans, SSc. deny his Co-equality with the Father. Sec Arians.

Divines expre/s the Manner wherein the Spirit was pro- duced by the aflive Spiratim or Breathing of the Father and the Son ; whence the Name Spiritus, Breath.

Order of the Holy Spirit. See Holy Ghost.

Spirit, is alfo ufed among Divines, for the divine Power and Virtue ; and the Communication thereof to Men.

In this Senfe, the Spirit is faid to have gone out on the Face of the Deep, Genefis, c. i. v. 2. And 'the Prophets to have been poffefs'd of the Spirit of God.

Providence, in this Senfe, is that univcrfal Spirit, whereby God makes all Nature to aft. Thus the Holy Virgin is faid to have conceived of the Spirit, 1. Cor. vii. 40.

Spirit, is alfo ufed for any Incorporal Being, or Intelli- gence.

In this Senfe, God is faid to be a Sjirit : Angels, Spirits ; and the Devil an Evil Spirit. See God, Angel, Devil,E5c.

In this Senfe, the Human Soul is alfo call'd Spirit, from its thinking and reflecting Powers, which cannot be conceived to refide in any thing Material. See Soul.

F. Mallebrancb obferves, 'tis extremely difficult to con- ceive what it is, /hould make the Communication between the Body and the Spirit ; for if the Spirit have no material Parts, it can't move the Body : But the Argument muft be falfe fome how or other ; for we believe that God can move Bodies, and yet don't attribute any material Parts to him.

'Private Spirit, is a Tetm that made a great Figure in the Controverfies of the two laft Centuries, "it fignifies the particular View or Notion each Perfon has of the Dogmata of Faith, and the Truths of Religion, as fuggefted l?y his own Thought, and the Perfuafion he is under with reward thereto.

The firft Reformers denying ftrenuoufly any infallible Interpreter of the Scripture, or any fettled Judge of Contro- verfies ; maintained, that every Perfon was to interpret and judge of revealed Truths, by his own Light, aflifted by the Grace of God ; and this was what they call'd private Spirit ox Judgment.

Againft this, the Arguments ufed by the Romanifts are, That revealed/Truths being one and the fame for all Believers; the Rule God has given us for the judging of them, ought to reprefent them to us uniformly and the fame ; but the private Spirit informs Luther one way, and Zuinglius another. It divides Oecolompaditts, Sucer, Ofiander, %£c. And the Doctrine it difcovers to the ConfeJJiomtes, is quite different from that it fhews the Anabaptifts and Menmnites, in the very fame Pafiage of Scripture.

Spirit, in Chymiftry, is one of the Principles of natural Bodies, called alfo Mercury. See Principle and Mer- cury.

The chymical Principle Spirit, is a fine, fubtile, volatile, penetrating, pungent Liquor, which ari/es ordinarily before the Phlegm or Water, and fometimes after it.

The