Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/758

 SPA

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SPA

the juice of Flefh, or other Matters ; ufually ferved at the be- ginning of a Meal.

Soup is efteem'd effential to a French Meal. Occasionally, they improve the Relifb, by the Addition of Onions or Leaks, or Cabbage or Turnips, f$e. The Word is French form'd from the Italian, Zzippa or Suppa, of the Latin, Sapa, Wine boil'd away to a Third Part. Others derive it from the German, Soupp, or the Celtic, Souben, which fignify the fame Thing.

SOURCE. See Spring.

SOUTH direflflials, Southern Signs,

See

cDial.

iSlGN.

SOWING. See Semination andSEMBRAEOR.

SOWNE, a Term ufed in the Exchequer ; fceming to be a Corruption from the French Somen® ; that is, remembred. For the Statute, 4E5. c. 7. in the Original Ftench t hath Z)es Eflreats orient Souvenv. And fuch Eflreats and Cafual- ties, as are not to be remembred, runnotin Demand, that is, are not Leviable. So now in the Exchequer, they fay, fuch Eftreats, as the Sheriff by his Induftry cannot get, are Eflreats that So-zvne not; and Eftreats that Sowne, are fuch as he may gather. See Estreat.

SPACE, a fimple Idea. The Modes, whereof, are Diftance, Capacity, Extension, Duration, &c. Sec Mode, Extension, Duration, &c.

Space, in Philofophy, considered barely in Length be- tween any two Bodies; is the fame Idea which we have of Diftance. See Distance.

If it be conildered in Length, Breadth and Thicknefs, it is properly called Capacity. See Capacity.

When confidered between the Extremities of Matter, which fills the Capacity of Space, with fomething Solid, Tangible and Moveable, it is then called Extension. So that Ex- tension is an Idea belonging to Body only ; but Space, it is plain, may be confidered without it. See Body.

Space, therefore, in the general Signification, is the fame thing with Diftance, confidered every Way, whether there be any folid Matter in it or not.

Accordingly, Sprtce, is either Absolute or Relative.

Absolute Space, is that confidered in its own Nature, with- out regard to any thing External ; which always remains the fame ; and is infinite and immoveable.

Relative Space, is that moveable Dimenfion, or Meafure of the former, which our Senfes define by its Pofitions to Bodies within it ; and this the Vulgar ufe for immoveable Space. x

Relative Space, in Magnitude and Figure, is always the fame with Abfolute ; but it is not neceflary it fhould be fb numerically 5 as if you fuppofe a Ship to be, indeed, in abfo- lute Reft, then the Places of all Things within her, will be the fame Abfolutely and Relatively, and nothing will change its Place : But, fuppofe the Ship under Sail, or in Motion, and fhe will continually pafs through new Parts of abfolute Space: But all Things on Board, confidered relatively, in refpecl: to the Ship, may be, notwithftanding, in the fame Places, or have the fame Situation and Pofition, in regard to one another.

Proper and abfolute Motion, is defined to be the Applica- tion of a Body to different Parts of Abfolute, that is, of infinite and immoveable Space. See Place, Motion and Rest.

The Cartejkns, who make Extenfion the Effence of Matter, fifTcrt, That the Space any Body takes up, is the fame thing with the Body itfelf; and that there is no fuch Thing as mere Space, void of all Matter, in the Univerfe : But this fie difproved under the Article Vacuum.

Space, in Geometry, is the Area of any Figure ; or that which fills the Intervals or Diftance between the Lines that terminate it. See Area and Figure.

The'Farabolic Space, is that included in the whole Parabola. See Parabola.

The Conchcidal Space, and the Cijjbidal Space, are what are included within the Cavity of the Conchoid and Ciflbid.

By the new Methods now introduced, of applying Algebra to Geometry, 'tis demonflrated, That the Conchoidal and Ciffoidal Spaces, though infinitely extended, are yet finite Magnitudes. See Conchoid and Cissoid.

Space, in Mechanicks, the Line a moveable Body, con- fider'd as a Point, is conceived to defcribe by its Motion. See Motion.

SPH^ENOPHARYNCEUS, in Anatomy, a Pair of Mufcles, called alfo ri in AJia.

The chief Strength of the Grand Signor's Army confifl in the Janifaries, who are the Foot, and the Spain's, who are the Horfe. See Janisary, £ffc.

The Aga or Commander of the Spahi's, is alfo called St>al-' Agafi. ****

SPALT, or SPELT, a white, fcaly, Aiming Stone, f re. quently ufed to promote the Fufion or Metals. 'Tis found pretty frequently in England and Germany ; and fometimes brought from the Levant. The beft is in long Scales, verv foft, and eafily pulveriz'd. The Englift Spait is generally very hard;

SPAN, a Meafure taken from the Space between the Thumb's End, and the Top of the little Finger, when both are ftretch'd out; The Span is eftimated at three Hands- breadth's, or nine Inches. See Measure.

SPANISH, or the SPANISH Language. See Languace.

Spanish-Hz^ See Can thar ides,

Sp \-Kis11-faqwJuiov, t£c. See Inquisition.

SPAR, in Natural Hiftory, a fhining, ftony Subftance frequently found in Caves and Grotto's, in the Clefts of Rocks, Lead-Mines, 4j?c. See Stone, Grotto, &c.

Mr. 'Beaumom f, in the 'Fhilofophical TranfaBions, endea- vours to account for the Origin and Growth of Spar ; which he makes to be a kind of Rock 'Plant.

Spar, he obferves, may be form'd three Ways ; either from Steams alone, or from Steams coagulating Dew, as it falls on the Ground, or Waters ifiuing from the Joints of Rocks : Or, it may grow from Earths and Clays. To fay nothing of the' Account we have from Switzerland, viz. That Snow, by long lying and continual Frofts, becomes hardened into Spar.

We have Inftances of the firft Kind in many Grotto's where Spars produced from Steams, hang like Icicles ; Lead Ore being often found to grow in the fame Manner. And as this Spar grows downwards ; fo in many Places, from the Sides of it, iffue little Plants of Spar, /hooting upwards, contrary to the Tendency of the others. An Inftance of the Second, we have in a certain Place in Italy, where Cryftals {which are a fort of Spars) are produced in clear Evenings, from a Co- agulation of Dew falling on Nitrous Stones. But hereof we have Inftances enough nearer Home. See Stalactites.

For the third Kind of Generation of Spar, never before taken Notice of by Naturalifts ; Mr. 'Beatnnont gives us In- ftances of it in Mendip Hills, and other Mines, wherein are Subterraneous Vaults or Grotto's. In the Bottoms of fome of theft, is a Steam incumbent thereon. From this Earth, fhoots up Spires of various Heights, &c. from the firft Buddings out or it, till it is come as nigh as a Man's Finger ^ the biggeft ordinarily an Inch in Diameter. Thefe Spires have all ir- regular Ridges and Furrows ; and fome fooner, fome later, begin on the Tops to be congealed into Spar ; and fb gather- ing a Cruft downwards by degrees, are all at laft, turned into an abfolute white Spar or Stone. See Petrifac- tion.

SPARADRAP, in Pharmacy, &c. an ancient Name for a Sear-cloth, or Cere-cloth ; or a Cloth fmear'd on each Side with a kind of PJaifter. See Cere-cloth.

'Tis prepared by melting a fufficient Quantity of fome Plaifter or Unguent, and dipping a linnen Cloth therein, till fuch time as it have imbibed its fill. 'Tis then taken out, cool'd andpolifh'd on a Marble.

There are as many different Kinds of Sparadrap, as there are of Plaifters for the Cloth to be dipp'd in. 'Tis fometimes alfo called 'Tela Gualteriana.

SPARRING, among Cock fighters, is the fighting a Cock 'With another to breathe him. In fparring, they put Hotts on their Spurs, that they may not hurt one another. To fparrtbe Cock, imports in general, to breathe him, to embolden him to Fight,

SPASMA or SPASMUS, in Medicine, a Greek Term, rjatrfXAf of equal Import with the Latin, Convulfio, and the Evglifei Convulfion. See Convulsion.

A Spapmtis happening after the taking of Hellebore, or any other violent Purgative, is mortal.

There are Spajmas peculiar to certain Members, and ai- ftinguiftied by particular Names : That of the Mouth is called Spafmus Cynicus ; that of the Penis, Satyriafis, &c. See Satyriasis, Cynicus, &c. ,

Cardan diftinguifhes two Kinds of Spafma's : The firft confifting in a conftant Contraction of the Mufcles, which renders the Members rigid, and inflexible. The Second, in fudden, unnatural Motions and Palpitations, frequently inter- mitting and beginning again.

Accidental Spafmi, are of little Continuance: There are fomearifing from Flatulencies ; from Bites of venomous Beaits, from the Puncture of a Nerve, the Acrimony of the Humours vellicating the Stomach, Vapours of the Matrix, exceittv? Cold, ijc

SPASMODIC, fomething belonging to a Spafmtt, or con-



vulfio" i