Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/752

 SON

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Solution, is frequently confounded with what weotherwife call Z)iJfokttim * but there is a Difference. See Dissolution.

Solution, in Chymiftry, is fbmeimes ufed for the Analy- sts, or Reduction of a natural Body into its chymical Princi- ples. See Principle and Analysis.

In this Senfe, Solution is the fame with what we otherwifc call Refolution. See Resolution.

SOLUTIVE. See Laxative.

SOMNAMBULI, an Appellation given to People, who walk in their Sleep; more ufually called Noftambttli, Sec

KOCTAMBULI.

The Word is formM from the Latin, Sommts, Sleep, and Ambulo, I walk.

SOMNIFEROUS. See Soporiferous.

SON, a relative Term, applied to a Male Child, confi- der'd in the Relation he bears to his Parents. See Father-

The Children of the King of England, are called Sons and "Daughters of England. See King. The Eldeft Son is born Duke of Corneal, and created Prince of Wales. See Prince.

The younger Sons are called Cadets. See Cadet.

The King° of France's Children were anciently call'd FUs, and Blks de France, Sons and "Daughters of France; and the Grand-children, <Petits Fils, and "Petites Filles de France. At prefent, the Daughters are called Mes-dames, and the Grand-daughters, Mes-demoifelles de France*

Natural Son? « C Bastard. Adoptive Son } t Adoptive.

Son of God, a Term ufed in various Senfes, in the Holy Scriptures; as, i°. For the Word,ot the Second Perfon in the Bleffed Trinity : who is thus called, with refpect to the Manner of his Generation; as being begotten of the Father. Him, the Orthodox believe to be Co-eternal, and Co-equal with the Father 5 and to have been with him, the eternal Principle and Source of the Holy Spirit. See Trinity.

The Term Son, is applied to him, both before and after his Incarnation. Thus we fay, The Son of God Created the World; the Son of God was Incarnate, and lived 33 Years on Earth, l$c.

2 Several Creatures are alfb called Sons of God; not as being fo by Nature and Generation 5 but on divers other Ac- counts. Thus the Angels are called Sons of God by Job; in refpect of their Creation, Adoption, £jfa And great Men are called 'Somof God'm the <Pfalms; as being his Lieutenants; or, the Depofitaries of his Authority. Good Men, and par- ticularly the Ek&, are alfo called Sons of God t in various Places of the Sacred Writings.

Son of Man, is frequently ufed in Scripture, to lignify Mane, as exprefimg not only the Nature of_Man; but his Frailneft.

The Expreffion is very ufual among the Hebrews and Chal- deans. Daniel, Fsekiel, and Jefus Chrifi, are particularly thus called; the Firft once, and the Two latter, frequently.

Sometimes, the Word is alfo ufed for the Wicked and Re- probate; in contradiftinction to thofe call'd Sons of God.

SONATA, in Mufic, a Term called by the Italians, Saonata, of Suono, Sound, as fignifying a Piece or Compofi- tion of Mufic, wholly executed ^by Inftruments; and which is, with regard to the feveral Kinds of Inftruments, what the Cantata is, with regard to Voices. See Cantata.

The Sonata, then, is properly a grand, free, humorous Com- position, diverfified with a great Variety of Motions and Ex- preiTions, extraordinary and bold Strokes, Figures, &c. And all this purely according to the Fancy of the Compoftr; who, without confining himfelf to any general Rules of Counter- Point, or to any fix'd Number or Meafure, gives a Loofe to his Genius, runs from one Mode, Meafure, $£c. to another, as he thinks fit.

We have Cantata's of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and even 8 Parts; but ufually they are performed by a fingle Violin, or with two Violins and a thorough Bali for the Harpfichord, and fre- quently a more figured Bafs for the Bafs-Viol, £gd

There are a Thoufimd different Species of Sonatas; but the Italians ufually reduce them to three Kinds: Stionate de Chiefa; that is, Sonata's proper for Church-Mufic, which ufually begin with a grave, folemn Motion, fuitable to the Dignity and Sanctity of the Place and the Service j after which they ftrike into a brisker, gayer and richer Manner. Theft are what they properly call Sonata's.

The fecond Kind comprehends the Suonate de Camera, or Sonata's proper for the Chamber, &c. Thefe are properly Series's of ieveral little Pieces, proper for Dancing} onlycom- pofed to the fame Tune. They ufually begin with a Prelude or little Sonata, ferving as an Introduction to all the reft : Afterwards come the Alleraan, "Pavan-, Courant, and other ferious Dances; then Gigues, Gavots, Minuets, Chacons, 'Paf- fecailles and other gayer Airs: The whole compofed in the fame Tone or Mode.

SONG, in Poetry, a little Compofition, confifting of fimple, eafy, natural Verfes, fet to a Tune, in order to be iimg. See Singing.

Each Stanza of a Song, is called a Couplet. See Stanza and Couplet.

The Song bears a deal of Reftmblance to the Madrigal; and more to the Ode, which is nothing but a Song according to the ancient Rules. See Madrigal and Ode.

Its Object is ufually either Wine or Love; whence M. le Srun defines a modern Song, to be either a foft and amorous or a brisk and bacchic Thought, exprefs'd in a few Words.

Indeed, this is to reftrain it to too narrow Bounds 5 for we have devout Songs> fatyrical Songs, and panegyrical Songs,

But, be the Song what it will, the Verfes are to be eafy natural, flowing, and to contain a certain Harmony, which neither fhocks the Reafbn nor the Ear 5 and which unites Poetry and Mufic agreeably together.

Anciently, the only Way ofpreferving the Memory of great and noble Actions, was, by recording them in Songs j and in America there are ftiil People, who keep their whole Hiflory \nSo}?gs. See Druid.

Song, in Mufic, is applied in the General, to any fingle Piece of Mufic, whether contrived for a Voice or Inftrument. See Music and Composition.

A Song, Mr. Malcolm obferves, may be compared to an Oration : For, as in this latter, there is a Subject, viz. feme Perfon or Thing the Difcourfe is referr'd to, and which is always to be kept in View throughout the whole 5 fo, in every truly regular and melodious Song, there is one Note which regulates all the reft 5 wherein the Song begins, and at laft ends, and which is, as it were, the principal Matter, or mufical Subject, to be regarded in the whole Courft of the Song. And, as in the Oration, there may be feveral diftinct Parts, which refer to particular Subjects, yet muft they have an evident Connection with the principal Subject, which regu- lates the whole; fo in Melody, there may be feveral fub- principal Subjects, to which the different Parts of the Song may belong : But thefe are, themfelves, under the Influence of the principal Subject, and muft have a lenfible Connection with it. This principal or fundamental Note, is called the Key oftheSong. See Key.

SONNA, a Book of Mahometan Traditions, wherein all the Orthodox Mulfulmans are required to believe. See Mahc*.

METISM.

The Word fignifies, in Arabic, the fame with Mifna in the Hebrew, that is, Second Law, or, as the Jews call it, Oral Law. See Mischna.

The Adherents to the Sonna are called Sonnites : and as among the Jews, there is a Sect of Caraites, who reject the Traditions as Fables, invented by the Rabbins 5 there are alfo Sectaries among the Mahometans, called Sciaites, who reject the Traditions of the Sonnites; as being only founded on the Authority of an apocryphal Book, and not derived to them from their Legillator.

There is the fame Enmity between the Sonnites and Sciaites, as between the rabbinift Je-ws and the Caraites. The Sciaites reproach the Sonnites with obtruding the Dreams of their Doctors, for the Word of God : And the Sonnites, in their Turn, treat theSciaites as Hereticks, who refufe to admit the divine Precepts, have corrupted the Alcoran, &c

SONNET or Sonetto, in Poetry, a kind of Compofition, contained in Fourteen Verfts, wa. two Stanza's or Meafures of four Verfes each, and two of Three : The Eight firft Verfes to be all in two Rhimes.

The Sonnet is of Italian Origin, and Tetrarch is allowed to be the Father. 'Tis held the moil difficult and artful of all poetical Compofitions; as requiring the laft Accuracy and Ex- actnefs. ] Tis to end with fome pretty, ingenious Thought : The Clofe to be particularly Beautiful.

In Malherb, and fome other Poets, we meet with Sonnets, where the two firft Stanza's are not in the fame Rhime 5 but they are held irregular; and, in effect, great Part of the Merit of theft Pieces, confifts in a fcrupulous Obftrvation of the Rules.

Ronfari, Malherb, Maynard andGombaut, have competed abundance of Sonnets; but among two or three Thoufand, there are fcarce Two or Three to be much admired.

'Pafqitier obferves, that dtl Sellai was the Firft who in- troduced Sonnets into France. But du llellai himfelf fays* That Melin de S. Gelais, firft converted the Italian Sonnets into French. . ,

SOOT, an earthy, volatile Matter, arifing from Wood, Coals and other Fuel, along with the Smoak, by the Action ot Fire; or, rather, it is the Smoak itfelf, fixed and gathered on the Sides of the Chimney. See Smoar and Fire.

Soot, is found an excellent Manure for Corn Lands, elpe- cially where the Soil is cold. SeeMANuRE. ,-

The Dyers make confiderable Ufe of Soot, for a kind ot Dun Colour $ which, 'tis true, has no agreeable Smell j °u in Return has the Property of faving Cloaths and other Stuns, from Moths. , ,

Soot of Frankinfencej is the fmalleft and fineft Part : or the Incenfe, called Olibanum, or Male Incenfe; burnt after manner of Rofin to make Lamp-black.

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