Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/746

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fed with Lyes as it boils, until it grains, or is boiled enough 5 then the Lyes are leparated or diicharged from the tallowifti Part which Part is removed into a Tub, and the Lyes thrown away : This is called the Firft half Soil. Then the Copper is charged again with frefh. Tallow and Lyes, and the firft half Boil put out of the Tub into the Copper a fe- cond Time 5 where it is kept boiling with frefh Lyes and Tallow, till it comes to Perfection. It is then put out of the Copper into the fame ibrr of Casks as are ufed in Green loft Soap. ..

3 Hard Soap is made with Lyes from Ames and 1 allow, and molt commonly boil'd at Twice: The Firft, called a Halj-boilwg, hath the fame Operation as the firft Half-boil of loft White Soap. Then the Copper is charged with frefh Lyes again, and the firft Half-boil put into it, where it is kept boiling, and ted with Lyes as it boils, till it grains, or is boiled enough ; then the Lye is diicharged from it, and the Soap put into a Frame to cool and harden.

Note, There is no certain Time for bringing off a Boiling of any of thefe Sorts of Soap. It frequently takes up part ot two Days. .

4 'Ball-Soap, commonly ufed in the North, is made with Lves from Afiies and Tallow b the Lyes are put into the Copper, and boil'd 'till the watery Part is quite gone, and there remains nothing in the Copper but a iort of Nitrous Matter (the very Strength or EfTence of the Lye) to this the Tallow is put, and the Copper kept boiling and ftirring for above half an Hour, in which time the Soap is made ; and then it is put out of the Copper into Tubs or Baskets with Sheets in them, and immediately fwhiltt loft) made into Balls.

Note, it requires near Twenty-four Hours to boil away the watery Part of the Lye.

Soaps, both dry and liquid, are held of fome Ufe in Medicine : The Liquid againft Fevers $ to be applied by rubbing the Soals of the Patient's Feet therewith: And the Dry, diflblved with Spirit of Wine, in the Cure of cold Humours : Befides its being ufed in Suppofitories, and in the Compofitiori of a kind of Plafter, commonly called Emplafi de Sapone.

SOAP Earthy a kind of Earth found in the Levant, and ufed as a Soap. See Earth.

The Soap- Earth, ~Dz. Smith tells us, is only had in two Places near Duraclea, Six Leagues to the Eaft of Smyrna. 'Tis, in effect, of itfelf, a fine Soap, boiling and (hooting up out of the Earth.

] Tis gathered always before Sun-rife, and in Mornings when there falls no Dew 5 fb that a Stock muft be laid up in the Summer Months, to ferve all the Year.

In fbme Places, it comes up an Inch or two above the Sur- face of the Ground : But the Sun riling on it, makes it fall a«ain. Every Morning there returns a frefh Crop. ^SOC, in Law, a Power, Authority, or Privilege to minifter Juftice, and execute Laws : Alio the Shire, Circuit, or Ter- ritory wherein fuch Power is exercifed by him indued with fuch JurifHi&ion.

And hence the Law Latin Word Soca for a Seignory or Lordfhip, infranchifedby the King, with Liberty of holding a Court of his Sock-men or Sockagers, that is, his Tenants, whole Tenure is hence called Socage. See Socage.

This kind of Liberty ftill fubfiits in feveral Parts of Eng- land, under the Name of Soke or Soken. Skene defines Sok, to be Setla de hominibus fuis in curia fecundum confuetudinem Rgni. Brady makes mention of thefe Liberties: Soc, Sac, Sol, 'Team, Infangthef m& Utfangthef.

In the Laws of Henry I. Soca is ufed as fynonymous with Franchife, or a privileged Place, Refuge, Afylum, Sanctuary, %$c. From the Saxon, ^ocn and <3>ocne,

SOCAGE or SOCCAGE, a Tenure, by which Men held their Lands on condition of ploughing thofe of their refpeftive Lords, with their own Ploughs, and at their own Charges. See Service, Vassal, Tenure, &c.

This flavifh Tenure was afterwards, by the mutual Agree- ment of Lord and Tenant, turned into the Payment of a certain Sum of Money, which is hence called Liberuni So- cagium, free or common Socage. Whereas the other was Villamim Socagmm, or bafe Socage : Inafmuch as thofe who held Lands by this Tenure, were not only bound to plough their Lords Lands ; but took the Oath o'f Fealty to them, Sictitde Villanis. See Fealty.

Socage was a Tenure of that Extent, that Littleton tells us, all the Lands in England, which were not held by Knight's Service, were held in Socage : So that it feems the Land was divided between the two Tenures, which, as they were of different Natures, lb the Defcentof the Land was in a dif- ferent Manner. For the Lands held in Knight's-Service, defcended to the eldeft Son ; but thofe held in Villano Soca- gio, equally among all the Sons. Yet if there was but one Meffuage, the eldeft Son was to have it ; fo, as the reft had the Value of the Meffuage equally divided between them. Skene defines Socage, a Tenure of Lands, whereby a Man is Infeoffed freely, without Wardfhipand Marriage, paying to his Lord fome fmall Rents,^. which is called Free Socage $c.

Brablon thus defcribes it, Ztici pcterit Socagium a Socco £e? inde tenentes Sockmanni, eo qtwd deputati flint tit videtztr tanmm modo ad Culturam, £5? quorum Cujlodia & Maritagia adpropinquiores parentes pre •janguinis pertinebunt, &c.

Several Divifions of Socage we meet withal in Law-writers as Socage in Capite, &c. But by Stat. 12. Car. II. all Tenures from and after the 24th of February, 1645, -fliall be adjudg'd and taken for ever, to be turn'd into free and common Sccave

SOCCUS, SOCK, in Antiquity, a kind of high Shoe, reaching above the Ankle, wore by the Aclors in the ancient Drama, in reprefenting of Comic Perfbns. See Comedy.

The Soccus was much lower than the Cothurnus ; ar.d was the diftinguifhing Wear of the Comedians ; as the Cothur- nus was of the Tragedians : Hence Soccus is frequently ufed for Comedy itlelf. Comedy, fays M. Fenelon, nmft talk in an humbler Stile than Tragedy 3 the Sock is lower than the Buskin. See Buskin.

SOCIETY, an Affemblage, or Union of feveral Perfbns in the famePlace,for their mutual Aftiftance,Security and Intereft.

Of Societies we have a great many Kinds, diftinguifhed by the different Ends propofed by them : Civil Societies, - 'Trading Societies, Religious Societies, &C.

Civil Society- See Government.

Society, in Trade, is a Contract, or Agreement between two or more Perfons, whereby they bind 'emfelves together for a certain Time, and agree to fhare equally in the Profits or Loffes which fliall accrue in the Affairs for which the Society or Co-partnerfhip is contracted. See Co-partner.

We have feveral very considerable Societies of this Kind j as the Merchant Adventurers, the Turkey, Eaft India, Mufcovy, Eafland, Greenland, Spanip, African, South-Sea and Hudfon's Bay Companies. The Inftitutions, Policies, l$c. whereof, fee under the Arricle Company.

By the Roman Law, the Social Contrail: needs no other Solemnity, but the lble Content of Parties, without any Writing at, all : But among us, Articles of Co-partnerfhip are required. There is no Contract wherein Probity is more required than in Society $ inafmuch as the Laws pronounce thofe Null, that are made contrary to Equity, and with de- fign to deceive.

The French diftinguifli three Kinds of Mercantile Society'. Ordinary Society, called alfb Colletlive and General ; Society in Commendam or Commandity 5 and Anonymous Society, called alfo Momentary and Jnconnue. The firft is, where feveral Merchants act alike in the Affairs of the Society, and do all under their collective Names, which are public and known to every Body. — Society in Commendam, ££?c. is that be- tween two Perfbns, one of whom only puts his Money into Stock, without doing any other Office of a Co-partner j the other, who is called the Complimentary of the Society, dif- patching all the Bufinefs under his own Name. This Society is very ufeful to the State ; inafinuch as all kinds of Perfons, even Nobles and Men of the Robe, may contrail it} and thus make their Money of Service to the Publick : And thole whohave no Fortune of their own to trade withal,hereby find means of eftablifhing themfelves in the World, and of making their Induftry and Addrefs ferriceable. Anonymous Society, is that, where all the Members are employ'd, each particularly, in the common Intereft, and each accountable for Profits, £5c. to the reft j but without the Publick's being informed thereof j fb that the Seller has only an Action againft the particular Buyer, no other Name appearing. 'Tis alfbcalled Momentary, becaufe frequently made on par- ticular Occafions, and ceaiing with them 5 as in the making a Purchafe, the felling any Commodity, $£c. Of this they diftinguifh four Kinds : Society by Participation, which is ufually form'd by Letters from one City to another, where a Merchandife is to be bought or fold. The Second is, when two or three Perfbns go together to Fairs to buy Goods. The Third, when rwo or three Perfons agree to buy up the Whole of fome Commodity, in any Country 5 to fell it again at their own Price. And the Fourth is, when three or four Perfbns make a Journey together, to buy and fell the fame Commodity. Befide Merchants, People of Quality, £$c. are admitted into thefe Anonymous Societies.

Religious Societies, are Parties of Perfbns formed, ei- ther to live regularly together j or to promote the Intereft of Religion 5 or to cultivate it in themfelves.

Of the firft Kind, are all Congregations of Religious; particularly the jfefuits, who are called the Society of Jefus ; though they more ufually call themfelves the Company of Jefiti- SeejEsuiTEs. — The Society of the Sorbonne. SeeSoRBONNE. —The Society of S.Thomas de Villenuve, inftituted in 1660, by F. Ange le Trotifi. — The Society of S. Jofeph, inrtituted

in 1638. The Society of Bretagne, a Reform of Bsne-

diclins in 1606. And the Society of Jefus, a religious military Order, inftituted by Tim II.

Of theyectW Kind are ; the Society for Reformation of Manners-, and putting in Execution the Laws againft Immo- rality andProphanenefs. It wasfeton foot about 3c Years ago, by five or fix private Perfbns in London; but is fince exceed- ingly increafed, by Numbers of Members of all Denomina-v t tions,