Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/736

 S I N

[ 80]

SI N

Cure, for Money, that fuch Prefentation, &c. is void, though the Prefentee were not privy to it j and the Statute gives Prefentation to the King j but this is now repealed.

SIMPLARY, Siraplaris, in Antiquity, a Roman Soldier, who had only fingle Pay ; thus call'd, in Oppofition to the lluplaries, or fuch as had double Pay.

SIMPLE, fomething not mixed or compounded 5 in which Senfe it (lands in Oppofition to Compound. The Elements are Simple Bodies ; from the Composition whereof all mix'd Bodies refult. In Geometry we fay, the moft Simple Demonstrations are the beft : The Simplest Machines are the moft efteemed. In Pharmacy there are Simple Remedies and Compounds. In Grammar we have Simple Verbs, or Primitives ; and Compounds, which have fome Particle added to them. In Jurisprudence we have a Simple Donation, in oppofition to a mutual or reciprocal one. A Simple Sale, in Oppofition to that made with a Refervation of the Faculty of Redemption. Simple Homage, in Oppofition to Liege Homage.

Simple, in Mufic, is chiefly ufed in Oppofition to ^Double-, fometimes to a Compound of feveral Parts, or Fi- gures of different Values, l£c. Simple Cadence, is that where the Notes are all equal through all the Parts. Simple .Concords are thofe, wherein we hear at leaft two Notes in Confonance ; as a Third, and a Fifth; and, of confequence, at leaft three Parts: Which is either done immediately, and called the Harmmical 'Triad ; or in a more remote Man- ner ; that is, when the Sounds, that are not in the Bale, are one or two O&aves higher. This Diftance has no ill Effect in the Third ; but in the Fifth it has ; and, generally fpeaking, the nearer, or more immediate the Concords are, the better. We alio lay, C Simple^ in Oppofition to c

Accented Simple Counter-pointy is a Harmonical

Composition, wherein Note is let againftNote; in Oppofition to a figurative Counter-point. Simple Fugue, or Sim- ple Imitation, is, when one Part imitates the Singing of another for fome Meafures. Simple biterval ; See Inter- val. Simple 'Triple: See Triple.

Simple Equation, in Algebra, is an Equation where the unknown Quantity is only of one Dimenfion. E.gT. if x = (rf-f-#): 2. See Equation.

Simple, in Botany, is a general Name given to allHerbs, and Plants ; as having each its particular Virtue, whereby it becomes a Simple Remedy. The Simples brought from the Levant-, and the Eaft-Indies, were not known among us till about the Year 1200.

SIMPLEFYING, in Ecclefiaftical Matters, is the taking away of a Cure of Souls from a Benefice, and difpenfing the Beneficiary from Refidence. Several Benefices, which have been $impkfied y now require Refidence; and, an In- finity of others, which required Refidence, have been Sim- plefied. Some ufe the Word in a more extenfive Significa- tion, viz. for the fhortning a Relation, &c, or retrenching every Thing not precifely neceffary : When the Matter of Facl: fhall be Simplejied, andftripp'd of its vain Circum- ftances, the Court will fee, &c.

SIMPLE QUANTITIES, are fuch as have but one Sign, as 2 a, and — 2 b 5 whereas a-~b, and ~\~d — c -f-Z>, are compound Quantities. Thefe are only ufed in Alge- braical Calculations.

SIMPLUDIARIA, in Antiquity, a kind of funeral Ho- nours paid to the Deceas'd. Some will have the Simplu- diariato be Funerals, at which Games were exhibited : Such is the Sentiment of 'Pazilus 'Diaconus. Fejlus fays, They were thofe, in the Games whereof nothing were feen but Dancers and Leapers, called, according to Scaliger, Corvi- tores ; but who, according to M. (Dacier, were only a kind of Dancers, who run along the Malts and Yards of Veffels or Boats, call'd Corbes. In other refpecls, thole Two Au- thors agree as to the kind of Funeral, viz. That it was op- pofite to thofe call'd IndiBiva ; wherein, befides the Dancers and Leapers, obferv'd in the Simpludlaria, there were Z)e- fultores, or People wh* vaulted on Horfes ; or, perhaps, Horfe-races, wherein the Cavaliers leap'd from Horfeto Horfe at fpced. The Word is form'd from the Latin, Simplex and Litdus, Simpludaria or Simpliludaria, Simple Games.

SIN, a Breach, or Tranfgreffion of fome divine Law or Command. 'Plato defines Sin to be fomething devoid, both of Number and Meafiire ; by way of Contradiction to Virtue, which he makes to confift in mufical Numbers, j£c. Hence Suarez oblerves, That an Action becomes Sinful, by its wanting a due Commenfuration ; for as every thing meafured refers to fome Rule, from which if it deviate, it becomes incommenfurate - and as the Rule of Man's Will is the Law of God : So, &c. Suarez adds, That all evil ASions are prohibited by fome divine Law 5 and that this is required to the Perfection of the divine Providence. Sim- plicius, and, after him, the Schoolmen afTert, That Evil is not any pofitive Thing, contrary to Good; but a mere Defect and Accident, See Evil.

Sins are diftinguifh'd into Original and Aclud. The Rcmip Cafuifts again diftinguifh Actual Sins into Mortal which are fuch as make us lole the Grace of God $ and Venial, which alone are pardon'd, as being only Sins of In- firmity, not of Malice. The Divines are not yet agreed what the Shi againlt the Holy Ghoft is. See Oh,igi« al Sin.

SINAPISM, in Pharmacy, \£c. an external Medicine, in form of a Catapla(m$ compoled chiefly of Muftard-leed pulveriz'd, and mix'd up with the Pulp or Flefh of Fig,?. or with Briony, Garlic, Onion, Nafturtium, Euphorbium Ranunculi or the like. The Smapifiii excites a Rednels, Heat, itching Tumour, and fometimes a Blifter on the Place 'tis applied to. 'Twas anciently in great Recjueft ; and ftill continues in Ufe for inveterate Dileafes of the Head j long, continued Defluxions, $$c. The Word is form'd from the Latin, Sinapis, Muftard-Seed.

SINCIPUT, is the Fore-part of the Head, reaching from the Fore-head to the Coronal Suture. See Cranium. ■ SINDON, in Chirurgery, a little round Piece of Linnen or Lint, ufed in dreffing a Wound after trepanning. The firft thing done after the Operation of Trepanning, is to pour a few Drops of white Balm on the Dura Mater ; then a Spoonful of Mel-Rofatum, being warm'd with a little B»Im, Two Sindons are dipt in it, the one of linnen Cloth, the other of Lint : The firft of them is immediately applied upon the Dura-Mater; and, being greater than the Hole in the Skull, its Circumference is thruft all round between the Cranium and the Membrane : Then the fecond Sindon is applied, and the Hole quite flopp'd with Lint. The next Morning, when the Apparel is taken off, the Brain is never left bare; but aflbon as the former Sindons are removed, new ones are clapp'd in their Room.

SINE, or right Sine, in Trigonometry, a tight Line drawn from one Extremity of an Arch, perpendicularly upon the Radius drawn from the other Extremity : or, the Sine is half the Chord of twice the Arch ; thus the Line A D (Tab. I'rigonom.Vxg. 6-j which is half the Chord A B, of double the Arch A E B, is the right Sine ; or, limply, the Sine of the Arch A E.

The Whole Sine, Sinus totus, is the Sine of the Quadrant HE, that is, the whole Sine is the fame with the Radius HC.

The Verfed Siwl, isaPartEDof the Whole Sine or Ra- dius, intercepted between the right Sine A D, and the Arch AE.

i° The right Sine AD, being perpendicular to the Ra- dius E C 5 all Shes drawn to the fame Radius, are parallel to each other. 2 Since rhe Arch A E is the Meafure of the Angle ACE, and A I the Mealure of the contiguous Angle ACIj and the Quadrant HE the Mealure of the right Angle ; A D is alio the right Sine, and E D the verfed Sine of the Angles A C E and A C I ; and the Whole Sine is the Sine of the right Angle. 3 Two Angles contiguous, as ACE and A C I, have the fame Sine. 4° The Sines of obtufe Angles are the fame with thole of their Complements to Two right Angles. 5 All Sines of Similar Arches have the fame Ratio to their Radii.

The Si*i-E.-Co7?2ple}nent or Co-Sine, is theSine of an Arch AE, which is the Complement of another- Arch A E, to a Quadrant. Thus the Sine of the Arch A H, is call'd the Sine-Complement of the Arch A E.

In eftimating the Quantity of Sines, &c. we afTume Ra- dius for Unity ; and determine the Quantity of the Sines, Tangents and Secants in Fractions thereof. From 'Ptolomy't Almageft, we learn, That the Ancients divided the Radius into 60 Parts, which they call'd Degrees, and thence de- termined the Chords in Minutes, Seconds and Thirds ; that is, in Sexagesimal Fractions of the Radius, which they like- wife ufed in the Refolution of Triangles. The Sines, or Half- Chords, for ought appears, were firft ufed by the Saracens. Regiomontanus, at firft, with the Ancients, divided the Radius into 60 Degrees ; and determined the Sines of the feveral Degrees in Decimal Fractions thereof. But he after- wards found 'twould be more commodious to afTume Radius for 1 ; and thus introduced the preient Method into Trigo- nometry. In the common Tables of Sines and Tangents, the Radius is conceiv'd, divided into jooooooo Parts"} be- yond which we never go in determining the Quantity of the SinesznA Tangents. Hence, as the Sine of a Hexagon fub- tends the Sixth Part of a Circle, and is equal to the Radius; the Sine of 30 is 5000000.

1° The Sink AD bring given $ to fad the Sine-ComplenKrt- From the Square of the Radius AC fubtra£r the Square

r *L- **:.._ a ta t-i_- n :-j-.. _ :n l. .1 o _„ e f the

of the Sine A D : The Remainder will be the Square ( Sine-Complement AG: Whence, the Square Root being ex- tracted, gives the Sine Complement. B.gr. Suppoiing AC, 10000000, A G will be found 8660 254, the Sine of 6o°-

2 o fhe