Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/725

 SHO

whereof are explained in the re/pedive Places of this Ditlio- vary) we here give him Two Draughts ; the one, a Section of the Body of a Firlt Rate, to /hew its Coniirudtion, the Dilpofition of its Infide, (go. The other, the lame Ship entire, with the Sails, Rigging, £Sfc.

SHIPPER, or Saffer, a c Dutch Term, fignifying the Matter of a Ship. We alio ufe the Word for any common S'.'amen.

SHIP-MONEY, jn Imposition anciently charged upon the Ports, Towns, Cities, Boroughs, and Counries of the Realm ; by Writs commonly called Ship-writs, under the Great Seal of England. This Irnpofition was revived by King Charles the Firft, in the Years 163$ and 1636, for the providing and furniming certain Ships for the King's Service: But by Stat. 17 Car. I. it was declared ro be contrary to the Laws and Statutes of the Realm, Claim of Right, Liberty of the SubjeS, £jfc

SHIPWRACK. See Wreck.

SHIRE, (from the Saxon Scir, or Scyre, to divide) is a Part or Portion of the Land, call'd alio County. See County. King Alfred firft divided the Land into Sairapias, which we now call Shires, and rhofe into Centurias, which we now call Hundreds; fee Hundred: And thole again into 2)e- canias, which we call 'Lythings ; See Tvthino. The anti- ent Latin Word for Shire, was Seym : The Aflizes of the Shire, or Aflembly of the People of a County, was call'd, by the Saxons, Scirgemot.

SHOAL, in the Sea Phrafe, is the fame as Shallow, and is uied for Flats in the Water : They fay, It is good Sheading, when a Ship failing towards Shore, they find by her Sounding, it grows lhallower and /hallower by degrees, and not too fuddcnly; for then the Ship goes in Safety. It is alio ufed for a Company of Fi/h.

Shoaled, is the Miner's Term in the Tin Mines, for fuch Fragments of Ore, which by Rains, Currents of Wa- ter, l$c. are torn off from the Load or Veins of Ore. They are wafh'd down from the Mountains, and by find- ing of them, they guefs where to look for a Load of Ore. Sometimes it is called Squad, and Squod.

SHOARS, Props, or Counterforts, let up to fupport any Thing of Weight, which leans on one Side. See Buttress-.

SHOE, a Covering of Leather for the Foot : Its Structure, though the Object of a particular Art, is too po- pular to need explaining: (See Cord-wainer). Its Hi- llory is more obfeure. Sened. Zambia, a Shoe-maker, has an exprels Treatile of the Antient Shoes ; 'Z)e Solea Feterum ; Where the Origine, Matter, Form, Jjfc. thereof, are par- ticularly inquired into.

Haitian maintains, that God, in giving Adam Skins of Beads to cloath him, did not leave him to go bare-footed ; but gave him Shoes of the fame Matter. That after raw Skins, Men came to make their Shoes of Rufhes, Broom, Pa- per, Line, Silk, Wood, Iron, Silver, Gold; fo diirerent has their Matter been ; nor was their Form more liable, with re- gard either to the Shape, Colour, or Ornaments. They have been fquare, high, low, long, and quite even, cur, carved, i£c. '■Pliny, Lib. 7. c. 56. tells us, That one Tibus of Hceotia was the firft who ufed Shoes. M. Nilant, in his Remarks on Saudoin, obferves, That he quotes Xenophon to little Purpote, to (hew, that even in his Time they ftill wore Shoes of raw Skins. Xenophon relates, Thar the Ten Thoufand Greeks, who had followed the young Cyrus, wanting Shoes, in their Retreat, were forced to cover their Feet with raw Skins, which occasioned them great Inconveniencies. He will not even allow, that the Shoes of the Country Peo- ple, call'd CarbatintC, and Peroneat, were of crude Skin, without any Preparation. The Patricians among the Ro- mans, wore an Ivory Crefcent on their Shoes. Heliogabalits had his Shoes covered over with a very white Linnen ; in Conformity to the Priells of the Sun, for whom he pro- feffed a very high Veneration. This kind of Shoe was called iS\iiv, Udo, or Odo. Caligula wore Shoes enrich 'd with precious Stones. The Indians, like the Egyptians, wore Shoes made of the Bark of the Papyrus. The Tfafks put off" their Shoes, and leave them at the Doors of the Mofques.

SHOOTING, "> (Gunnery and Pro-

Shooting of Bombs, Shooting by the Air,

SHOP-LIFTER, a Perfon, who cheapening Wares, on Pretence of Buying, takes the Opportunity of ftealing 'hem.

SHORE, or Common-Sewer, a Corruption of Sewer. See Sewers and Cloaca.

SHORT ACCENT, in Grammar, a Mark which (hews, that the Time of pronouncing, ought to be fhort ; It is wrote thus (" ). See Accent.

SHORT-SAILS, in a Man of War, are the fame with 'he Fighting Sails; being the Fore-fail, Main fail, and

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SHO

Foretop-fail, which are all that are ufed in Fight, left the reft ftiould be fired, and ipoiled ; befides the Trouble of managing them when a Ship gives Chafe to another. If the Chale have a Mind to fight, they fay, The Chafe (Irips into her Short-Sails, i. e. puts out her Colours in the Poon, her Flag at the Main-top, and her Streamers, or Pendants, at the Yard's Arms; Furls her Sj- mt-fail, Peeks her Mhwen, and llings her Main-Yard.

SHORT-SIGHTEDNESS, a Fault in the Conformation of the Eye, wherein the Cryftallin, &c. being too Con.* vex, the Rays reflctfed from diftant Objeas are refraaed too much, and made to converge too fall, fo as to unite e'er they reach the Retina ; by which Means the Virion is render'd dim and confusd. See Myopia.

The ordinary Remedy, for Skttrt-flghtednefs, is a Concave Lens, held before the Eye ; which making the Rays diverge^ or at leaft, diminifhing much of their Convergency, makes Amends for the too great Convexity of the Cryftallin. See, Lens.

Dr. Hook fuggefts another Remedy. Finding, that many Short-figbted Perlons are but little helped by Concaves ; he recommends a Convex Glafs, placed between the Image and the Eye ; by Means whereof the Objea may be made to appear at any Diftance from the Eye, and confequently,- all Objeas may be thereby made to appear at any re- quired Diftance from the Eye ; fo that the Short fighted Eye fhall contemplate the Piaure of the Objea, in the iimc Man- ner, as if the Objea it felf were in the Place. 'Tis true, the Image will appear inverted 5 but we have Expedients to remedy this too : For, in Reading, there needs nothing but to hold the Book upfide down. To write, the belt will be for the Perlon ro learn to read upfide down. For diftant Objeas, the Doaor alferrs, from his own Experi- ence, that, with a little Praaice in contemplating inverted Objeas, one gets as good an Idea of them, as if feen ifi their natural Pofture.

SHOT, for Ordnance, are of feveral Sorts ; as Round- pot, or Bullets fitted to the Bore of the Piece. Crofs- bar-fhot, Round-fhot, with a long Spike of Iron call in ir, as if it went through the Middle ot it. Trundle- pot, being only a Bolt of Iron, 16 or 18 Inches long, lliarp- pointed at both Ends, and about an Hand's-breadch. from each End, having a round broad Bowl of Lead call upon it, according to the Bore of the Piece. Langrel-fiot, which runs loofe with a Shackle, to be ihorrened, when put into the Piece, and when it flies out it Ipreads it felf; at each End of the Bar, it hath half a Bullet, either of Lead or Iron. Chain-Jim, is two Bullets, with a Chain betwixt them; fome being contrived round, yet lb, that they will fpread in flying their full Length and Breadth. Cafe-pot, is any thing of fiiiall Bullets, Nails, old Iron, and the like, to put into the Cale, to moot out of Ordnance,

Shot, for Fowling, The Method of Catting it is as foU lows. The Lead bting melted, ttirr'd, and skimm'd, a Quantity of powder' d yellow Orpiment is Itrew'd in it; as much as will lie on a Shilling, to 12 or 15 Pounds of Lead* The Whole being well ttirr'd, the Orpiment will flame. To judge whether there be Orpiment enough in, a little of the Lead is dropped into a Glafs of Warer, and if the - Drops prove round, and without Tails, there is Orpiment enough, and the Degree of Heat is as it (hould be. This done, a Copper Plate, Hollow in the Middle, and Three In- ches in Diameter, bored through, with 30 or 40 fmall Holes, according to the Size of the Shot, is placed on an Iron Frame, over a Tub of Water, tour Inches above the Water ; The Hollow Part is to be very thio. On this Plate are laid burning Coals, to keep the mehed Lead in Fufion^ The Lead is now poured gently, with a Ladle, in the Mid- dle of the Plate, and it will make its Way through the Holes in the Bottom of the Plate into the Water, in round Drops. Great Care is taken to keep the Lead on the Plate in its proper Degree of Heat : If too cold, it will Hop the Holes; and if too hot, the Drops will crack and fly. The Shot, thus made, are dried over a gentle Fire, always ftir- ring them that they do not melt : "This done, the greater are fcparated from the Imaller, by patting them through Sieves for that Purpofe.

SHOT-FLAGON, a Flagon fomewhat bigger than ordi- nary; which in fome Counties, particularly Tlerbyfbbe, it i» the Cuftom for the Hoft to ferve his Guells in, after they have drank above a Shilling.

SHOULDER, among Farriers. Shoulkr-pitcbt, is a Difeafe in a Horfe, when the Pitch or Point of the Shoulder

is difplaced; which makes the Horfe halt downright. ■

Shoulier fflaiting, or Shoulder urn, is a Hurt which befalj a Horfe by fome dangerous Slip, by which the Shoulder i* parted form the Breatt.

SHOULDER-BLADE, a Bone of the Shoulder, of a Triangular Figure, covering the Hind-part of the Ribs ; call'd by the Anatomifts Scapula and Onnplata. See Scapula.

SHOULDER-BONE. See Humerus.

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SHOULDERING,