Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/706

 S EM

to 1

SE M

afttiiwl ■■ utifvJi:tiJ£ whret 3 uoji.mhms_in Gffitfd,_ cedpret- $uui Cd:cw.m,Soxti j%l?imi impu.dmtw. quam.tum in/ui ftettfd&cijfiktyJ-WcS- &n 1 nuance in a, more complex Sentence we. liftve in $&&Q\ J&espdmilhm. p/imum bene, .prta fit, mttioiiue-: turpi qmftu- \ Him qttam phirimis i ntodo dijgiti&i J& m&lwt p'idkeat ;, deinde. at/geatur rations, dJli'gent'M* pdrjiwonia-.j, JNfec liliiAmi fwim lu.x%iri&i\ue-, quaffl HberalifaU: $$ b&iejicieuti&parea?. J&it tbqygh the proper Uie qf the Setm-cplw, be to djftingui.fh conjunct Member* j 'tis, rjot ne.eeifory tha^ all the Members, divided herebv, be; conjunct. For upon dividing a Sentence into orc*t and; equal Parts, if one, q.t" then* be, conjunct all thole other Parts of the ianie Degree axe to be diitinguifhed by fr>$Mt&teffw5a^ Thus : Whoever is, overtaken with Poverty j the fame; will find, that Coldneii, Contempt, Injuries, i$c. ace vmt $$? behind. Or thus : Nihil eft, tarn. ?notie, tam tetteruffh. Wn aut fragile, qitt, flewbilg. 5 qimsn voluntas cwiwa. Sometimes alio it happens, that Mejnbers that areoppofite to each other; but rela.te to the- lame Verb, are ieparate.4 by a. S,emi-colon : Thus.Qcero. J&x.haq parte jtitMfy. iltinc petul.antia, 15 h'mc fides. Mine fraudatiq ; tunc, pietas, ikttyC. fiel.US^ eke.. Hither ljjcewi.f.e may be referred j^h Sentences, where the whole, going before, the Parts follow, j as., The Parts of Rhutorick are Four. 5 Inveptiqn, Hiipo.fi t ion, Elocution and, Pronunciation,

Semi-Diapason, in IVtufic, a, defective Octave; or an Ge>a,ve dimi.niim.ecl, of a minor. Semi -tone., or four Com- mas. See Dri. a p a.so n.

S.EM i-£Hab ante, inMufic, a. defective Fifth, call'd ufuajly by the Itali-an^, Falfaquwta, and by u.s a falfe fifth Sqe^iFm.

&E.nr-DiUT£SSA.B,oM., in IXluiie, a defective Fourth, call'd, properly, zjalje Fourth. See Fourth.

StHt-PQUsi^t mtlie Romip breviary, a Term u fed for fuch Offices and Fealts as are celebrated with leis Solem- nity than the double ones ; but yet with more than the fingle ones. The S.emi-double Office has dQubJe Veipers, and Nine Dsflbns at Mat tins ; but the Anthems are not re- doubled. J Tis perform 'd on Swd#ys, t in the Octaves, an,d io Feaifs mark'd ior SewUdozible in the Calendar.

SsHi-LuN&a yaiyc^ ip Anatomy, are little Val.ves or Membranes of a Semilunar Figure, placed in the Orifice of the fulraonary Artery, to, prevent the Relapfeof the Blood jrjto the Heart at the time of its Dilatation. See Valve,

Semi-O&binates, in Geometry, the Halves of the Ordinate Qf Applicates. Se,e Ordinate.

SsMiL-PA^AnptA, in Geometry, a Curve. 4efio.e4 by the Equation <#»? ' =^y m j. « s *£n5F-ih 48 '-^=y 4 - 5w

In Semi-parabolas y m : v m ; : C.x m \ : $$, * ^=r= ^ : z or the Powcts of the Serni-cr:iiuatej_ t are. a? the Powers oi the AblciflVs one Degree lower; JS.^r. in Cubical Stwi- pffabolas, the Cubes of the Ordinate* tf and y s are as the Squares of the. AbfcifTes # l and* 1.

SEMr-Ptt-AGiANs, a Name anciently, and even at this Day. g' ven ^ ^ uCn as retain lome Tinclure. otTelagiavifw. See Pelagians. S. 'Proffer, in a tetter to St. Jt/guftin, cz\U them. Reliqui as Teltgii,.

Many learnodiVlen.principally among the Gaiuj^ho cqm d not come into St.^/^/m's Duflripc of Grace, £&. were aeculed of Scrai-fehgianifm 1 They were alio call'd 2>We/?s of Marfeillcs j in regard their Errors had their firll Rile in that City. Caffmn, who had been a Deacon of Con- Mntinofle, and was afterwards a Pncft at Ma/feilles, was the Chief of thefe Semi pelagians. S. Proffer, who was Co-temporary with him, and who attack'd him very vigo- rouily, tells us, That Cajjlan endeavouting to keep I know not what Medium between the Pelagians and the Ortho- dox, did not agree either with the one or the other. The' Semi-pelagians, with the Orthodox, allowed of Origi- nal Sin ; but denied, that Man's free Agency could be iq wpunded by this Sin, that he could not of hiiiifelf do iurnething which might induce God to afford his Grace to one more than another. They taught, That the Grace which ftves Men, was not given them from the mere Will of Godjbut according to his eternal Prefcience,-where- by he forefaw who they were that woulq" believe in him. Theyown'd, that the Vacation or Call tq the Go/fpel, was gratuitous j but added, at the fame Time, That it was common to all, inafirmch as God defired all mould be iaved. As to Election, they held, that it depended en. Qir Perfeverance ; God only chufing iiich tq Eternal Life, as fliould perfevere in the Faith.

Semi-Paoof, an itt)pcrfe£t Prpof. The Qepofitions of a fingle Evidence only make a Sem-fwof. See Witness. The Telhment of a Per Ion deceafed, is deemed a Semi- Pi'oof. In Prance, in enormous Cafes, the SeitU p'pof fre- gently determines theni to try the Torture.

Semi QwAfiTifcE, U an Afpeftpf (he Planets, when ^'ftant from each gther 4$ Degrees, qr epe Sign *p4 an Half.

Semi-Quaver, in Muffc. See Quaver;

Sem.i- : Q5JLN;j|i-XE i ' s an Afpedl: of thje Planets, when at tfie Prance of 36 Degrees from, one another. See 'Aspect.

Ssmi-Sejx.tilEj or Semi-fixth, or S, S, an Alpeci of two Planets, wherein they are d ; iftaut from each other, one Twelfth Part of a Circle, or 30 Degrees. SeeAspKcx. The, Semi-fixth- was added to the ancient ATpecls by, Kepler ; and, as he fays, from Meteorological Obie'r vat ions.

SEMi-S,piN;ATusi in Anatomy. See TRAN.svEasAxis

I?0RSI.

Se>ji.-Tone, in Muijci one of the Degrees, or con- cinno.us Intervals, of Concords: See Degree. There are threq Decrees., or lerler Intervals,, by, w.hich a Soundj can move upward^ and downwards iucceffiveiy from one Extreme of any Concord to the other, and yet produce true Melo.dy j and, by means, whereof, lever al "Voices, ain{ Inftrun;ents are capable of the necefiary Variety, in palling from Concord to Concord. Thefe Degrees, are the' greater and lefl'er Tone, and, the Semi-tone The Ratjo. of th.e Firlt is 8:9; that ot the Second 3 : iq.- Sep Ton,e. The Ratio of tp? Semi-tone is 15': 16- which Interval is, called a Semi-tone, not that 'tis geometrically the Half of either of the Tones, for 'tis greater - 7 but becaule it comes Jbmewhat near it. 'Tis alio call'd the Natural Semi-tone, and the Greater Semi-tone, becaule greater than the Part it leaves behind, or its Comple- ment to a2»s?, which is 15 : jg in the LefsToue, and 128 : I3_5 in the LefTer, The "Semitone is the Diffe- rence ot" the greater Third and Fourth, or of a Fifth* and : leller Sixth.

g.very Tom of the Diatonic Scale is divided into a. Greater and Zefs, or a Natural and Artificial Semi-tone. Mr. \Afo/«i/7/2 obierves, 'Twas very natural 10 think of a Divifion of each Tune, where ^5 : 16 ill quid; be one- Part in. each Divifion, in regard this being an unavoida- ble and neceflliry Part of theNatural Scale, wou'd rea- dily occur as a fit Degree, and the more, as 'tis not far from an exacF Half Tone. In effect, the Semi-tor.es are lb near equal, that, in. Practice, at leaft, on moli Inllruments, they are accounted equal, lb that no Diltinftion is. made into Greater or Lejs. Thefe Semi- tones are called Fiffi 1 nous Notes, and, with re!pe£l to the Natural ones, are ex- prefs'd by Characters called Flats and Sharps. S,ee Flat. and ShaR?- Their Ufe is to Remedy the Defects of Initruments, which having their Sounds fixed, cannot be always made tq aniwer to the Diatonic Scale : See Scale. l£y ipe,ans qt rheje we have a new Kind of Scale, called the S^mi-imio- Scale.

9E^i-ToNic-o>7/e, or the Scale of 'Semi-tones ; A Seals qr§yite,m of Mm!\c, cqniifting of 12 Degrees, or 13 Notes, i,n the. 0$A-ve j being an Improvement on the Natural of Diatonic Scale, by mlerting between each two Notes, thereof, another Note, which divides the Interval or Tone into two unequal Part?, called Semi tones. See Semi- tone, The Ule qf this Scale Is for In'truments that have fixed Sounds, as the Organ t H^rpfichord, &$t which are exceedingly defective on the Foot of the Natural, or •Diatonic, Scale. For the Degrees of the Scale beipg unequal, from every Note to its Otiave there is a different Qrder of Degrees ; lb that from any Note we cannot find an,y Interval in a Series, ot fix'd Sounds : \yhich yet is neceflary, that all the Notes of a Piece of JViufic. carried through ieveral Keys, may be found in their juft Time, or that the fame Song may be begun indiffe- rently at any Note, as. may be neceflary for accommoda- ting lpme Inftruments to others, or to the Human Voice, when they are. to accompany each other in Ujiifon.

The Tliatmic Scale, beginning at the loweft Note, be- ipg firrt fettled on an Inftrument, and the Notes thereof diitinguilhed by their Names a. b. c • d. e. f. gy the injerted Notes, or Semi-tones, are called Fictitious Nqtes, a.nd take the Nam.e or Letter below with a ^ a.s c # called c &&ip, h Signifying, that it is a Semi-tone higher than the Sound of c in the natural Series, of this Mark k (called a Flat) with the Name of the Note above, fignifying it tq be a Semi-tone lower. Now ,14. and ||p being the two Semi, tones the greater Tone is di- videdinto ; and ^ an4 & the Semi-tones the leCsTone is divided info; the whole Qtlave will fland as in th.e' following Scheme, where the Ratio's of each Term to' the next, are wrote Fraction wile between thenJ below

Scale of Sem; tones. c.et.l.Ale.j .ft g.gt.a.b.b.ci

For the Names of the Intervals in this Scale it rnay 6c confidered, that as the Notes added to the natural Scale are pot defign'd to alter the Species of Melody, but leave it Itill fiiatoaic, and only con-eft fome Defefl. arilinefrom lijmething foreign rothe Oifics jfthe Scale

ut