Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/683

 SCA

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SCA

Body. Some Authors obferve, that they ordinarily lived Forty Days in this Torment. The Invention is alcribed to tarifitii Queen of Verfia, and Mother of Mrtaxerxes, Mnemoti, and the young Cyrus. 'Tis added, (he firft ordered it to be practiied on the Perfon who brought the Tidings of the Death of Cyrus. The Word is form'd from the Greek awms of ay&p\u, I hollow or dig,

SCAl'HOIDES, in Anatomy, a Bone, called alfo Na'Jiculare, which lee. The Word is formed of the Greek arj-Vh a B° at or Bark; of nj.-p-m, I hollow ; be- caufe Boats were originally made of Trunks of Trees hollowed, as are Hill the Canoes of feveral Savages ; and ei&<, Form.

SCAPULA, in Anatomy, called alfo Omoplate and Sla.ej a large and broad Bone, representing a fcalenous Triangle, fituate on each Side of the upper and back Part of the 1'l.orax: The Subftance of the Scapula is thin, but folid and firm ; its Outfide is ibmewhat Con- vex, and its Infide Concave ; its upper Edge is called C'ojla fuferior, and its lower, Cop. inferior ; its broad End is called its Balis, which, with the two Edges, make the upper and lower Angles. They have each three Frocefles, of which the firft runs all along the Middle of their Outfide, and it is called their Spine : That End of the Spine, which receives the Extremity of the Clavicula, is called Acromium. The iecond Pro- cefs is a little lower rban the Acromium ; it is fhort and (harp, like a Crew's Bill, therefore called Coracoides ; thefe two ProcefTes are tied to one another by a ftrong Ligament, which ferves to keep the Head of the Hume- rus in the Cavity of the third Procefs, which is called Cervix. This Procefs is the Extremity of the Scapula, which is oppofite to its Bafis. It has a round Sinus, tipp'd about its Brim, with a Cartilage, which receives the Head of the Humerus. The Ufe of rhe Scapula is to receive the Extremities of the Clavicula and Humerus, for the eafier Motion of the Arm, and to give Rife to the Mufcles, which move the Arm.

SCAPULAR, Scapularis, in Anatomy, an Epithet given to two Arteries, and as many Veins of the Body. The Scapularis interna (p externa, or the inner and outer Scapular Arteries, arife out of the Subclavian, and ate ipread over the Scapula : The Inner and Outer Sca- pular Veins difcharge themfelves into the Axillaty, ot vein of the Arm-pits.

SCAPULARY, Part of the Habit of feveral Orders of Religious, wore over the Gowns, as a Badge of pecu- liar Venerarion for the Virgin. It confifts of two narrow Breadths or Slips of Cloth, covering the Back and the Breads, and hanging down to the Feet of the ptofefled Religious, and to the Knees of the Lay brothets, (gc. The common Opinion of the Introduction of the Scapu- lar is, That it was firft given by rhe Virgin herfelf, in an Apparition fhe made to S. Stock, General of the Carmelites, in the Thirteenth Century : Which Account of its Origine is affined, or at leaft fuppofed, in feveral Bulls of the Popes. M. ie Z<tt«)', however, maintains, in an exprefs Treatife on the Subject, That the Apparition was falfe, and the Sabbaten Bull, which approves of rhe Scapulary, a Counterfeit. In eft"e£r, the Carmelites them- felves did not begin to wear the Scapulary till feveral Years after 'tis pretended the Virgin gave ir to S. Stock. The Word is formed from Scaptiltt, the Shoulder-Blade. There is alio a Friery, or Fraternity of the Scapulary, confiding of Lay-Brothers, who profefs a particular De- votion to the Virgin, and who, in Honour of her, wear a little Scapulary, in manner of a Bracelet, or otherwife, representing the great One. They are obliged to certain Prayers, and to obferve certain Rules in their Manner of Life.

SCAPUS, in Archireaure, the Full or Shaft of a Column. See Fust.

Scaftjs ; in Sotany, the ftrait Stalk, or Stem of a Plant, Handing upright like a Pillar, or Column. SCAR. See Eschar.

SCARIFICATION, in Chirurgery, an Operation whereby feveral Incifions are made in the Skin, with an Inftrument proper for that Purpofe. See Scarificator. Scarification is chiefly pracliied in Cupping. See Cuf- fing. It acts by ftimulating and evacuating, Salmaftus wiTl have us wfite Scarifatio, not Scarificatio, in regard the Word is derived from the Greek tr/Jp*,&. See his jS T otes on Solintts, where he thus corrects the reading of 'Plin. Lib. XVII. F. Hardouin lets the old Reading Scari-

I

icatio ftand ; though he owns the IVLSS. have it Sci

rifarh; but adds, That Theod. <Pri,

rificatio.

rifcian writes Scar-

SCARIFICATOR, a Chirurgical Inftrument ufed in Scarification ; which fte. The Scarificator is made in Form of a Box, wherein are fitted 10, n, or 15 Lan- cets, all perfectly in the fame Plane 5 which being, as it were, ccck'd, by means of a Spring, are all difcharged

at the fame Time, by pulling a kind of Trigger and driven equally within the Skin. 'Till of late, they ulej little fliarp cutting Wheels inftead of Lancets. The Ufe of the Scarificator is to evacuate the Blood, and other Humours, Iprcid under the Skin, by making a great Number of Apertures, or Outlets, therein ; which being thus all {truck at once, gives much leis Pain than WO en {truck fiicceflively.

SCARLET, in Dying, one of the Seven Kinds Q f good Reds. There are two Kinds of Scarlets ; the O fle given with Scarlet Grain, particularly called Scarlet ih Grain* the other with Cochineel. See Red. See alio Cochineel, &c.

Scarlet-Grain, a Matter ufed to dye a Scarlet Colour, ufually taken for the Grain of a Plant. This imaginary Grain, called by the Arabs, Kermes, is found on a kind of Holm, growing in great Plenty in the un. cultivated Parts of 'Provence., Lnnguedoc, Spain and 'Por- tugal. That ot ■ I,avgueioc, paffes for the belt, being big, and of a very bright Red ; that ot Spain is the wor(t ; be- ing very thin, and of a blackifh. Red ; tis to be gathered when ripe, and is only good while new, that is, within the Compafs of the Year, after whici) Time a kind of Infect is found in it, that eats our the Heart thereof. F. Plumier has made fome particular Difcoveries on the Subject of Scarlet -Grain. The Arabic Term Kernes, which fignifies little Worms, he obierves, agrees perfeft. ly to the Nature of this Drug ; which is the Work of a w\Vorm, and not the Grain or Seed cf a Tree, as is ge- nerally fuppoled. The Shrub 'tis found on, is the Hex- aculeate Cocci Glandifera-j on the Leaves, and little Shoots whereof, are feen, in the Spring Time, a kind of little Velicle, which is at firft no Digger than a Grain of Millet, and is occalioned by the Puncture of an Inieft, which depoiites its Eggs therein. In Proportion a-s ic grows, it becomes covered with a kind of Am-cnloured Down, which hides the red Colour underneath And when 'tis arrived at Maturity, which thole who p;ather them know very well, 'tis taken from the Tree, in Form of a little Gall. The Pod, or Skin, is very light and brittle covered with a fine membranous Pellicle all a- round, except at the Place where it grows to the Leaf. A Iecond Skin, under the firft, is full of a kind of Duff, partly Red, and partly White. Afloon as the Gall is ga- thered, the Juice or Pulp is expreffed from it; /tis warned in Vinegar to deftroy the little Infect within- fide, which, without iiich Precaution, would grow, feed on the Duft, and, atlaft, be hatch'd, and leave no more than an empty Shell.

The Scarlet-Grain is alfo of considerable Ufe in Me- dicine, where 'tis better known under its Arabic Name of Kermes. See Kermes. Menage derives the Word from the German Scarlak, or the Flemip Scbarlakeu: Whence the Evglifi have form'd the Scarlet, the Italians their ScarlatOy and the French their Efcarlate. Others derive it from the Celtic Squarlera. Dalech ampins will have it called Scarlatwn, by Corruption, for Cafculiat urn , a barbarous Word introduced into Spain ; others fetch it from the Arabic Yxqiier late,

SCARLETINA FEBR1S; or Scarlet-Fever; the fame as Purple-Fever. See Purple and Fever.

SCARP, in Fortification, is the Foot of the Rampart- Wall, or the Sloping of the Wall from the Bottom of the Work to the Cordon on the Side of the Moat.

Scarpe, is a Term in Heraldry, pro- bably derived from the p're?jch Efchtirpe, fignifying the Scarf which Military Com- manders wear for Ornament. It is borne ibmcthing like a Battoon Sinifter, but is broader, and is continued out to the Edges of the Field, whereas the Battoon is cut off at each End. He beareth Argent, a Scarpe Azure.

SCAVAGE, in our ancient Cuftoms, called alfo Sche- vage, Scheixage, and Scheaiang, a kind of Toll or Cu- ftom, exacled by Mayors, Sheriffs, i$c. of Merchants- Strangers, for Wares /hewed or offered to Sale within their Liberties. This Cuftom is prohibited by Stat. \y- Hen. VII.

SCAVANT, or Savant, a Term purely French, fig- nifying Learned ; little uled in our Language, except in the Phrafe Journal des Scava?ts, a Journal of the Works of the Learned, publifhed Monthly at 'Paris, being the firft Thing of that Kind, and that whereon all the reft are founded. See Journal. Menage derives the Word from Sapere, to be Wife, and on that Footing will have it wrote Sava?it ; others from Scire, to know, and for that Reafon write it Scavant. The latter Etymology, and Or- thography, are followed by the Academy ; though all the ancient M.S.S. have it Savant, Savoir, &t

SCAVENGERS,