Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/682

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fmaller, for the two odd Ones : This Diftance drawn on Paper, will conrain 32 by the Scale. Again, Were I re- quired to meafure any Line by a given Scale : Taking the length of the Line inmy Compatfes, I apply one Foot in one of the gteat Divifions of the Scale, ib as the other may reach ovet among the lefler ; then the Number of great and imall Divifions intercepted between the Points, give the Number of Miles, tSC See the Ufe hereof further llluftrated under the Article Plotting Scile.

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l Scale ■> r Diagonal.

Gttntefs Scale J. See ^Gusim.

'plotting Scale \ ( Plotting Scale.

Scale, in Geography and Architecture, a Line divided into equal Parts, placed at the Bottom of a Map or Draught, to ferve as a common Meaiure to all the Parts of the Building, or all the Diflances and Places of the Map. In Maps of large Tracts, as Kingdoms and Pro^ vinces, ^c. the Scale ufually confifts of Miles ; whence it becomes denominated A Scale of Miles. In more par- ticular Maps, as thofe of Manors, £efc. the Scale is ufually of Chains fub-divided into Poles or Links. The Scales ufed in Draughts of Buildings, ufually confift of Modules, Feet, Inches, Palms, Fathoms or the like. To find the Diftance between two Towns, (£c. in a Map, the Inter- val is taken in the CompafTes, and ftt offm the Scale, and the Number of Divifions it includes, gives the Diftance. See Map. To find the Height of a "Story in a Defign, the fame Method is ufed. See Design.

A Front Scale in Perfpecl ive, is a right Line in the Draught, parallel to the Horizontal Line ; divided into equal Patts, reprefenting Feet, Inches, g?c. A Flying Scale is a right Line in the Draught, tending to the Point of View, and divided into unequal Parts, reprefenting Feet, Inches, cjfc.

SCALENUM, or Scalenus Triangle, in Geometry, a Triangle, whofe Sides and Angles are all unequal. See Triangle. A Cylinder, whole Axis is inclined, is alio laid to be Scalenous. The Word is form'd from the Greek GHtttovfc, which fignifies the fame Thing ; and which Hermol translates Scalarium.

SCALENUS, in Anatomy, a Name given to three Pair of Mufcles, from their Form ; all of them ferving to draw the Ribs upwards, in conjunction with the Serra- tis [uperiores pofici, &c.

Scalenus 'Primus fprings, Flefliy, from the tranfverfe Proceffes of the Second, Third and Fourth Vertebra; of the Neck, where defcending laterally, it is inferred into the firft Rib, which it helps to draw upwards.

Scalenus Secttndus, arifes from the fame Proceffes, as likewife from thole of rite Fifth Verrcbra of the Neck ; and is inferred into the Second Rib, and fometimes into the Third.

Scalenus 'Tertius, arifes from the fame Proceffes with the former, and from rhofe of the Sixth Vertebra of the Neck ; and is inlerted into the Firft Rib.

SCALPEL, in Chirurgery, a kind of Knife chiefly ufed in Diffections; but which may be occasionally ufed in many other Operations, as in Amputations, and to cut off the Fleflt and Membranes that are between the Two Bones of an Arm or Leg, before the Limb be iawed off": There are two Kinds of Scalpels; the firft cuts on both Sides, and is fixed in an Ebony or Ivory Handle, which being very flat and thin at the Extremity, ierves to part the membranous and fibrous Parts in Anatomical Prepara- tions. The other has a Back, that is, it only curs on one Side ; 'tis crooked, and very commodious for ftripping the Flefh off the Bones in Embalming, making Skeletons, tfc. Scultetus, in his Arfenal, deicribes ieveral other Kinds of Scalpels ; as, A deceitful Scalpel, thus called, becauie it deceives the Patient by hiding its Blade. 'Twas much ufed by the Ancients, in opening and dilating of Sinews ; but as 'tis apt ro deceive the Chirurgeon himlelf, and is befides very flow, 'tis better ufing aSyringoromus; A Scalpel, lliarp on borh Sides for Setons. A little crooked Scalpel for feparating the Coherence of the Eye- lids. A fharp, double-cutting Scalpel, with a Bnne- Handle, for the cutting off an jEgilops. Scalpels like Scolopomachairions, &c. even the Scolopomachairion it- felf is a kind of Scalpel. See Scolopomachairions.

SCALPER, Scalprum, or Scalping-Iron, a Surgeon's Inftrument ufed to rafp, and fcrape foul, carious Bones.

SCALPTOR ANI, in Anatomy. See Latissimus Dor sr.

SCAMILLI IMPARES, in the Ancient Architeflure, a Term much contended about among the Criticks ; though, in effect, it fignify no more than certain Benches, Zccco's or Blocks, ferving to raife the reft of the Mem- bers of an Order, Column, Statue or the like, and pre- sent their being loft to the Eye, which may chance to Dc placed below their Level ; or below the Projeciure of

fome of the Ornaments thereof; Theft Scairiftli are well reprefented by the Pedeitals of Statues.

SCAMMONY, in Pharmacy, the infpiffared Juice of the Root of a Plant of the fame Name, growing in the Levant, particularly about Aleppo and St. Jdin de Acre: 1 he Juice flows from an Incifion made in the Root ; and is afterwards thickened by the Sun, as 'twas pretended but in rcaliry by the Fire. The Tree is much like an Ivy, its Leaves in Form of Hearts, its Flowers White, and it creeps on the Ground, or mounts on other Treesj Walls, Jfjc. The good, genuine Scammony at Aleppo, is to be grey, render, friable and refinous • the Tafle bitter, and the Smell faintifh and difagreeable. The Scammony of Smyrna and that of the Ball Indies are lefs valued. 'The firft as being more heavy, hard and black; the latter, though light, friable, gc. is in reality only a Compofition of common Rofin with fbme other violent Purgers. <Pomet fliews, rhat both Kinds are rather Poifons than Remedies. The true Scammony is one of the fiireft Purgatives ; bur, at the fame time, one of the nioft violent we have: Hence 'tis feldom "ufed without Correcting it by fome Preparation. From the Juice is .drawn a Rofin of more Virtue than the Scammony irfclf. They alfo make a Syrup of it, which is found a very gentle Purgative. Scammony now in Ufe, muft be very different from that of the Ancients, at lead in the Pre- paration; byreafbn the Ancients gave it in much greater Dofes: Hence Fallopit/s conjectures, the modern Scam- many to be adulterated with Spurge. Some give the Name of American Scammony to Mecboacam. See Me-

CHOACAM.

SCANDAL, in the Scripture Language, is anv rhing that may draw us afide, or fbllicit us to Sin. In which Senfe 'tis ufed indifferently with Offence, and Stumbling- block. Scandal is either Active or Paffive. An active Scandal is a real Induction to Sin ; a paffive Scandal is- the Impreffion an active Scandal makes on the Perfbn in- duced to Sin. In the popular Language, Scandal is fome Aflion or Opinion contrary to good Manners, or to the general Senfe of a People. The Word is form'd from the Latin, Scandalum, which, according ro 'Papeas, was originally ufed for a Bidden extemporary Quarrel, qua fubito inter aliqttos Sca71d.it vol oritur.

Scandal is alfo a difadvantagious Rumor or Report; or an Action whereby any one is affronted in publick. Hence Stone of Scandal, Lapis Scandali, or Vimperi ; a Stone raifed in the great Portal of the Capitol in Old Rome; wherein was Engraven the Figure of a Lion; upon which rhe Ceffionary or Bankrupt being featcd hare- breech'd, cried with a loud Voice, Cedo bonis, I lurrender my Effefls ; when, fquatting his Breech violently, three Times on the Stone, he was acquitted. 'Twas called the Stcne of Scandal, becauie thence-forward the Ceffionary became intertable, and incapable of giving any Evidence. Julilts Cefar introduced this Form of Surrender, after abrogating that Article of rhe Laws of the Twelve Tables which allow'd the Creditois to difmember their. Infol vent Debtors, and to take each his Member, or at lead to make a Slave of him.

SCANDALUM MAGNATUM, in Law, a fpecial Name, for a Scandal or Wrong done to anv high Perfon- age of the Land, as Prelates, Dukes, Earls', Barons, He. as alfo of the Chancellor, Treafurer, Clerk of the Privy Seal, Steward of the Houfe, Juftice of rhe Bench, or other great Officers of the Realm, by falfe News or Meflages, whereby Debates and Diftords between them and the Commons, or any Scandal ro their Perfons, might arife ; and hath given Name to a Writ granted to recover Damages thereupon.

SCANNING, in Poetry, the meafuring of a Verfe,' to fee the Number of Feet and Syllables it contains, and whether or no me Quantities, that is the long and fhort Syllables, be duly obferred. The Term is chiefly ufed with regard to Greek ana\ Latin Vetfes; the Quantities not being well fettled and obferved in the Verfes of the Modern Languages. See Quantity. Hexameters are Scanned one Way, Jambc another, Saphics another. See Hexameter, ££c The Word is fcrm'd from the Latin, Scavdere, to climb.

SCANTLING, a Meafure, Size, or Standard, where- by the Dimenfions, £f>. of Things are to be determined. The Word is foriri'd from the French Efihantillon, a Pat em or Specimen. See Standard.

SCAPH1SM, in Antiquity, a kind of Torture or Pu- nifhment formerly in Ufe among the Terfans. lr con-, filled in locking the Criminal clofe up in rhe Trunk of a Tree bored ro the Dimenfions of his Body, only with Five holes for his Head, Arms and Legs to come, through, In this State he was expofed to the Sun, arid rhe Parts thus appearing anointed with Honey and Milk, to invite the Wafps and Flies. They forced him ro eat abundantly,' till his Excrements, clofe pent up in the Wood, rotted his