Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/678

 SAT

C23]

SAT

%e tDiJlunces of Saturn^ Satellites J5ww hlsCentre % according to the fame M Caflini, are as follc-w.

Firft Satellit 4 3 8ths -\ Semi- Second Satettit 5 5 5ths / diam. Third Satelih 8 " foiSa- f Garth Satellit 18 \titrn,

Fifth Satettit 54 J or

. 1 l 4th / Diameter 12 ;ds \ of Saturn's

'4 C JtMtf

5 J

The great Diftance between the fourth and fifth Satel- lit, gave Occafion to Huygens to fufpeft that there might be iome intermediate one 3 orelle, that the fifth might have iome other Satellit moving round it, as its Centre.

Dr. Halley, in the ^hilofopbical TranfaSi/ons, gives us a Correction of the Theory of the Motion of the fourth or Buygexean Satellit. Its true Period he makes 15 Days, 1 1 Hours, 41 Minutes, 6 Seconds. Its diurnal Motion, 22 34' 38" 18 "■ l rs Di (lance from the Centre of Sa- turn, 4 Diam. of the Ring; and its Orbit to be little or nothing diilant from that of the Ring, interfering the Or- bit of Saturn under an Angle of 23 - Degrees.

SATIR. See Satyr.

SATIRE. See Satyr a.

SATRAPA, or Satrapes, in Antiquity, the Governor of a Province among the ancient tPer/tanS. KmgODaritts ufually walked attended by his principal Lords, and Sa- ireptf. J^j Curtius. The Kingdom was divided into Sa- trapies, or Jurhdiclions of Satrapa: The Word is ori- ginally 'Ferjian, fignifyipg, It r icily, Admiral or Commander of a Naval Army, -but was afterwards ufed indifferently for all Governors of Provinces 5 in which Senie it was borrowed by the Greeks, who ufed awTpamju in the lame Signification. We alio find the Word ufed in Iome an- cient Fnglip Charters of King Etheldred-, where the Lords, who iign next after the Dukes, take the Title of Satrapes of the King. tDu Gtnget&kts the Word here to ftgmfyMmifters of the King.

SATTIN, or Satten, a kind of Silken Stuff very fmoorhj and flaming, the Warp whereof is very fine, and (lands out} the Woof coarfer, and hid underneath : Whence it is it receives that Glois. which is its Beauty, and which gives it its Price. There are Sattins quite plain, others wrought j fome flowered with Gold, or Silk, others ilriped, 02c. All the Changes in the Fa- ftuons of Sattins are made by adding new Warps or Woofs

The fined SattinS are thole of Florence and Genoa ; yet, the French will not allow thofe of Lyons any thing in- ferior thereto. The Satthtt ot "Bruges have their Warp

of Silk, and their Woof of Thread. Indian SattinS, or

Sattins of China, are Silken Sruffs, much like thofe manu- factured in Europe. Ot theie, iome are plain, either white or of other Colours, others worked, either with Gold, or Silk, flowered, damasked, ilriped, $2>c. They are moilly valued, becaufe of their Cleaning, and Bleach- ing eafily, without loiing any thing of their Luflre. in other Reipe&s they are inferior to thofe of Europe, F. le Compte oblerves, That the Cfainefe prepare their Sattins in Oil, to give them the greater Luftrej but this makes the D*!l liable to, hang to them. Menage de- rives the Word from the Latin Seta, as who mould fay, Setinam, or from the Hebrew Sadin, Signifying the fame thing ; or from the old French Sade and Sadinet, handfome, gentile.

SATTINET, or Sattinade, a very flight, thin Sattin, chiefly ufed by the Ladies for Summer Night- gowns, i£,c. and ordinarily ilriped. The Word is a Di- minutive of Sat ten.

SATURANTIA, is fome times ufed in the fame Senfe as Abjorbent: Which fee.

SATURDAY-STOP, a Space of Time, in which of old it was not lawful to rake Salmons, in the North, piz. From Even long on Saturday, till Sun-rifing on Monday.

SATURN, inAflronomy, one of the primary Planets, being the furthefl from the Earth, and the Sun, and that whole Motion is the flowed : Thus characterized f>. It fhines but with a feeble Light, by realon of its Diftance, on which Account, though 'the biggeft of all the Planets, it appears the leaft. See Planet.

The Period of Saturn, or the Space of Time where- in he revolves round the Sun, which makes his Year, according to Kepler, is 29 Years, 174 Days, » 4 Hours, 58 Minutes, 25 Seconds, and 30 Thirds, whence his Di- jjjnal Motion rauft be 2 Minutes, Seconds, 36 Thirds. Tbo' de la Hire makes his Diurnal Motion 2 Minutes I Second. See Revolution. The Inclination of his Zj? l a ffj r$t 2 o t ^'. See Inclination. Its mean E'ftance from the Sun is 326915 Semi^diameters of the
 * «neto that of the Eciiptick, Kepler makes 2 . 32',
 * art h j and irom the Earth 210000 of the fame : See

Distance. Its fmalleft Diameter, according to Huygens, is 30 Seconds. The Proportion of its Diameter to* that of the Earth, as 20 to 1 5 of its Surface to that of the Earth, as 400 to i; of its Solidity to that of the Earth, as 1 to 8000- SeeDiAMETER. Dr. Halley obfervef, in the Preface to his Catalogue of the Southern Stars, That he has found Saturn to have a flower Motion than is afligned him in the Tables : This Irregularity, we may hope, is abundantly rectified in his own Tables now in the Prefs. 'Tis doubted whether or no Saturn, like the other Planets, revolves en his Axis : It does not appear from any Agronomical Obfemtions that he does ; and there is one Circumftance that fhould feem to argue the contrary, vi*. That whereas the Earth, and other Planets, which we know do revolve on their Axes, have their Equatorial Diameter greater than their Polar, nothing like this is obferved in Saturn: See Earth.

The Diftance of Saturn from the Sun being ten times greater than that of the Earth from the fame, tis found, that the apparent Diameter cf the Sun ieen from him, will not exceed 3 Minutes, which is bur little more than twice the Diamerer of Femis. The Suns Disk, therefore} to an Inhabitant of Saturn, will appear 100 times lefs than it does to us, and both its Light and Heat be di- minifhed in the fame Proportion. See Sun.

The Phafes of Saturn are very various and extraor- dinary, and long perplexed the Ailronomers, who could not divine the Meaning of fuch Irregularity : Thus ffeve* Ims obferved him to be fometimes Mdnofpherical, fomc- times Trifpherical, Spherico-anfafed. ElUptlco-anfatcctj and Sphenco-cufpidated. But H'ygens plainly (lews. That all thefe monftrous Appearances are owing to the Imperleclion ot the Telefcopes that Author had ufed. Huygens, upon observing him very attentively with much better Glades, reduced all his Phafes ro three Prin- cipal ones, viz. Round, Brachiated, and Arifated, See Phases.

One Thing Saturn has peculiar to hirafelF, viz. A Ring which furrounds his middle like an Arch, or like the Horizon of a Globe, without touching him any where; the Diameter thereof more: than double that of the Planet waich it furrounds j The former containing 45 Diameters of the Earth, the latter only 20. When railed enough to be out of the Shadow of the Body of Saturn, it reflr&s the Light of the Sun very ilrongly. The Thicknefi of the Ring, Dr. Keill oblerves, takes up one half of the Space between its outer or convex Surface, and the Sur- face of the Planet. This Ring is found to be ad opaque, iolid, but fmooth, and even Body *Twas Gattdtfo firft difcovered that the Figure ot Saturn, was not round ; But 'twas Huygens firft found that its Inequality was in Form of a Ring ; the Difcovery of which he pub- lished in 1659, in his Syftema Saturnianum. 'Tis doubted whether or no the Ring revolves round the Planet: Its Ufe and Defign are ilill a Myftery. For its Pheno- mena, &c. iee Ring.

Saturn performs his Courfe round the Sun, attended with five Satellites, or Secondary Planets 5 the Periods, Di- ftances, &c. whereof, fee under Satellites.

Saturn, in CbymiLtry, fignifies Lead, in regard that Metal is fupnofed to lie immediately under the Influ- ence of this Planer. See Lead ; Where the feveral Pre- parations thereof are defcribed

Saturn, in Heraldry, the Black Colour in the Coats, of Arms of Soveraign Princes : anfwering to diamond in the Coats of Noblemen 5 and Sable in thofe of Gen- tlemen. See Sable.

SATURNALIA, in Antiquity,Feafts celebrated among the Romans, in Honour of the God Saturn : They held three Days, beginning on the ifith, others fay, the 17th, and others the 18th Day ^December. During the Solem- nity the Slaves were reputed Mailers j they were allowed to fay any thing 5 and, in fine, were ferved at Table by the Matters themfelves. Every thing run into Debauchery and Diffblutenefs, and nothing was heard or feen in the City of Rome, but the Din, Riot, and Diibrder, of a People wholly abandoned to Joy and Pleafure. M. tDacier oblerves, That the Saturnalia were not only celebrared in Honour of Satflirn, but alio to keep up the Remembrance of the Golden Age, when all the World was on a Level. 'Twas a Piece of Religion not to begin any War, or execute any Criminal during this Keaft. The Saturnalia were not only held at Rome, but alfo in Greece ; and were* in reality, much older than Rome it felf. Some afcribe their Inftitution to the ^Pelajgi, who were call up- on the Ifland of Delos ; others to Hercules, and other? to Janus. Gcropius Secanus makes Noah the Author ot them. Orig. lib. 4. That Patriarch, he tells us, in the Ark, inftituted a Feaft to be held in the Tenth Month, in Memory of this, That in that Month, the Tops ot the Mountains began to appear above the Water; and' this he makes the Origine of the Saturnalia : But 'ris

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