Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/674

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Mfoifal is alio a Shoe wore by ieveral Congregations of reformed Monks. It confifts of no more than a mere Lea- thern Sole, faften'd with Latches or Bucklesj all the relt of the Foot being left bare : The Capuchins wear Sandah, the Recollects, Socks : The former are of Leather, the j a tter of Wood.

SANDARAC, in Natural Hftory, gfo Some divide this Ssndaracha into Natural and Faclitzous: The -KftfH'/al is found in Gold, Silver, and Copper Mines, and is the fame with the red Arfenic : The Factitious is only Ceruis exalted by the Fire, and burnt into a kind of j^jnium. Both the one and the other is a violent Poifon. g e e Realgal, Ceruss, &c.

Sandarac or Sandarach? in Pharmacy, Red At- fenic-, called alfo Realgal and Red Orpiment 5 'tis ibme- t j me s alio called San.iarf.cha Greccorum-, in Oppoiition xo the Gum.

SANDARACH, or Gum-Sandarach A called alfo San- d&racfra Aralum, is a white Gum oozing out of the Trunk, and thick Branches of the great Juniper- Tree, by Incifions made in the Heats of the Summer. The little or common Juniper yields very little Sandarach : Its Fruit yields Oils, Waters, Salts, Spirits and Extracts ot ibme Repute in Medicine. The Gum Sandarach is an Ingredient in Varnifh. See Varnish. 'Tis alio reduced into an im- palpable Powder, and uied to prevent Paper from imbi- bing Ink. The bell: is in fine white Tears, free of Dull : The BngUfi, Swedes, &c. drive a confiderable Trade therewith. Some will have ir, that the Sandarach of the Juniper is not the right, but only that of Oxycedrcn, which fee.

SAND-BAGS, in Fortification, are Bags holding about a Cubic Foot uf Earth or Sand. They are ufed for railing Parapets in hafte, or to repair what is beaten down; they are alfo of Uie when the Ground is Rocky, and affords not Earth to carry on their Approaches, becauie they can be eafily brought on and off at Ple^lure. Tuere are a leffer Sort, which Hold hall what the former do, and which arc placed upon the upper Talus of the Parapet, to cover thofe who are behind, and who Fire through the Embralures, or Intervals, that are between them.

SANDEVER, the Drois of Glafs, or the Scum that ariles trom the Aflies of the Herb Kali, ufed in the Making of Glafs. See Glass.

SANDIX, a kind of Minium, or rather of red Mafticot made of Ceruis calcined and rubified, called alio a Facti- tious SandaraLl. J Tis of little Uie in Painting, the real Minium or Vermilion, to which it is fubitituted, making a much better, brighter, and more durable Colour. Sec Masticot, and Vermilion,

SAND-HEAT, or Sand-Bath, in Chymiftry, one of the Chvmifts Fires, confifting of hot Sand, wherein Herbs t Flowers, ££jc. are infuied in a Cucurbit. See Balneum Arenosum. The Sand-Heat is elteemed gen- tle,, digelHve, and alterative.

SANGUIFICATION, in the Animal Oeconomy, the A&ion whereby Chyle is converted into Blood. Signi- fication iiicceeds to Chylification. See Chylification. Alio fee Blood and Chyle.

Sanguification is thus effected. The Chyle having patfed the Laffeals of the leveral Kinds, is delivered into the Blood at the Subclavian; whence the two Humours pats together to the right Ventricle of the Heart, where being yet more intimately mixed, they circulate together through the whole Body; 'till, after feveral Circula- tions and Depurations at the feveral Colatures and Strain- ers of the Body, they become atfimulated, or, as the Chymifts call it, cohobated, ib as only to make one uni- form compound Mais, which appears to be nothing elfe but Chyle alter'd by the Artifice of Nature, and exalted into Blood. In EffecT:, it does not appear that any Thing extraneous is mixed with the circulating Liquor butChyle, exceptinq what was before ftparated from it for particu- lar Occasions 5 unlefs perhaps it fhould receive ibme Porti- on of Air in the Lungs, which is a Point long difputed, and yet fcarce alccrtained. Indeed, that there is a Quantity of Air mixed with the Blood and circulating with ir, is granted 5 but whether this be any more than was at firft contained in the Bodies whereof the Chyle was fbrm'd, is much doubted : The principal Arguments for it, are, The Neceffity of Refpiration, and the florid Colour the Blood receives in the Lungs, and firft fhews itfelf in the Pulmo- nary Vein 3 but the firft is fatisfa&orily accounted for ano- ther Way. See Respiration. The latter is chiefly fup- ported by this Experiment, That Blood drawn by Veni- fc&ion, and buffered to coagulate, upon turning up the bottom, which before was blackim, being now expofed In the Blood of the Pulmonary Vein. The Aftion of &!mificathn is fucceeded by that of Nutrition^ Sec Nutrition.
 * °the Air, acquires a florid Colour, like that we oWerve

The Antients were in great Perplexity about the Seat of Sangziifwazion, or the Place where, and the Instrument whereby it is effected : Whether in the Heart, or the Liver, or the Lungs; Bur, according to the Doarine of the Moderns, the Heart, Liver, Vefi'els, &c. contribute no otherwise to the changing of the Chyle irtto Bloodj than the Sun does to the changing of the Mult into Wine. See Heart, Liver, &c.

The Antients accounted for Sanguification from a plaftic Power. In the lalt Century, when Chymiliry was intro- duced, Sanguification, and almoft every thing elfe, was to be effected by a Ferment; and the Phyficians of thofe Times, were very ibllicitous as to the particular Officina where this Ferment was prepared and kept. Some would have it the Liver, others the Spleen, g£a but the very Notion is now exploded.

Of Sanguification we may admit two Degrees; the firft amounting to no more than a Confufion, or fuch an intimate Mixture of Parts, as faffices ib to confound the different coloured Liquors, as that the Whitenefs of the Chyle /hall be loft or drowned in the Rednefs of the Blood, fo as never more to appear in its own Shape and Colour. _ This we iuppote may be effected by repeated Circulations alone : How many Circulations are neceffary thereto, 'tis difficult to determine.

The Second Degree of Sanguification, is, when the Parts of the Chyle are fo exalted or communuted and fub- tilized, as to loft all Tendency to a coagulatory Sepa- ration, fuch as they have in Chyle and Milk. To thefe two Degrees may be added a third, wherein the Fibres and Filaments of the crude Blood are fo broken and blended with the Serum, as not to be again ieperable from them. This is a Morbid Sanguification, fuch as happens in Fevers, &c. attended with a bloody Sweaty Spots, zgc.

All thefe Degrees of Sanguification, Dr. Drake makes no doubt are procured by reirerated Circulations, where-* in as well the Intefline, as the Progreffive Motion, con- fpire to the mixing and comminuting of the adventi- tious Parts. Doubtlels they have their ftated Period* wherein they are in Perfection; though where precifely to fix it, we do not know.

SANGUINE, fomething abounding in Blood; hence Sanguine c Jtemperament^ or Constitution, is that where Blood and Heat predominate. Sanguine Conftitutions re- quire a frequent tjfe of Phlebotomy. Sanguine People are ufualiy oblerved to be brisk, bold, daring, and even pre- fumptuous; Henee Sanguine Hopes, ftrong, allured, ££<;. Hopes.

Sanguine, in Heraldry, the Colour ufually called Marry, being made of Lake, with a little Spanifij Brown : It is repreiented in Engraving, by Hatches like Purpure; It is moftly ufed in the Coats ot Knights of the!Bath 5 when it is borne by Nobles, it is called Sardonyx, and in the Coats of Sovereign Princes they call it "\Dragons- fail.

SANGUINE-STONE, Lapis Sanguinalis, or Blood- Stone, a kind of Jafper brought from New-Spain, of a dark brown Colour, marked with Spots of a Blood-red 5 the Indians cut it in Form of a Heart, and uie it in Hsemorrhagies, immoderate Menfes, and other Fluxes of Blood. The Patient applies it by grabbing it in his Right Hand, having firft dipt it in Water 'Tis lometimes alio hung on the Part whence the Blood flows. See Jasper.

SANGUIS, in Medicine, &c. See Blood.

Sanguis, in our antient Cuftoms, a Right, cr Power, which the chief Lord of the Fee had to determine in Caufcs where Blood was Hied. 'Jbe Murdsria $$ Raptu*

de Tgne, de Sanguine, &c. Monaft. Sanguinem Enters

was an Obligation the Inhabitants of Ibme Manors, as that of Grendon, were under, to buy and redeem their Villain Blood or Tenure, and mako themfelves Free- men.

SANGUIS CAPRINUS, or Himnus, the Blood of the He Goat, either wild or tame, which is prepared, with great Precaution, to be ufed in Medicine, and fup- pofed to have very extraordinary Qualities. The princi- pal Precautions are thefe: The Goat is not to exceed four or five Years of Age; 'tis to be fed a considerable Time with Aromatic Herbs, and elpecially thofe of the Saxa- frage Kind; to be drawn out of the Throat, or the Tefticles, by cutting them; but neither what comes firft, nor laft to be uted, the former being too full of Humi- dity, and the latter too thick; and that the Operation be only performed in 'July, and the Blood put into Earth- en Veflels, and dried either in the Sun or the Shade, and, laftly, bottled up to be ufed occasionally.

Among other Specific Virtues attributed to Goats- blood, the two molt confiderable ones are, that it cures