Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/658

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0Jiqp&Be, proper for a Counter-Tenor. The Part affigned it, is ufaally called Trombone primo* or 1°. There is another larger, called "Trombone maggiore* which may ferve as a Te- nor : Its Part is uiually called Trombone fecondo* or 11°. or 2 . There is a third Hill bigger, called Trombone groffo ; its Part is called Trombone terzo, or 111°. or 3". Laftly, there is another which exceeds all the reft, and which is much heard in the Mufic, eipecially in the Bafs ; its Part is called Trombone quarto, or 1V°. or 4*0. or fimply Trombone. It has ufuatly the Key of Fa, ut fa on the fourth Line 5 tho' frequently alfo on the fifth Line from the Top, by Reafon of the Gravity or Depth ot the Sounds.

SACRAMENT, in Theology, is defined, in the ge- neral, A Sign of a holy or facred Thing. In which Senle, the Word includes both the Sacraments of the Law of Nature, as found Morality, the Manner of offering the Bread and Wine practiied by Melchifedech* &c. and thofe of the Law of Mofes, as the Grcumcijjm, the paf- chal Lamb, 'Purifications, Order of 'Prieft hood, &c. But with Regard to the Chriftian Church Sacrament is de- fined, A vifible Sign of a spiritual Grace annexed to the Ufe thereof. There are Two Objects in a Sacrament ; the one a material Sign, the Object of the Senfes ; the other the Thing fignified, which is the Object of Faith. Thus it has pleated God to give a Body or Subftance to fpjritualMytteries, that our Faith might have rhe Afli fiance offeniible Signs. The Roman Caiholicks own Seven Sa- craments, viz. Saptifm, Confirmation* the Eitcharijl, "Pe- nance* Extreme UnBion, Ordination and Marriage. See each under its proper Article, The Proteftants admit of only Two, viz. Saptijm and the Eucharifi.

The Romanics, however, call the Eucharift* by way of Eminence, ff. Sacrament, the Holy Sacrament. Thus to expofe the H- Sacrament, is to lay a contecrated Hoft on the Altar to be adored. The Proceffion of the H. Sa- Moment) that wherein 'tis carried about the Church, or the Town. See Procession. The Feafi of the H. Sacra- ment -j the Congregation of 'the Sacrament* &c.

The Word is formed from the Latin* Sacramentum, ■which fignified an Oath* particularly that which the Sol- diers took to be true to their Commanders. The Words whereof, according to "Polybws, were, Obtemperamrus fiim £5? facJunts qnicqtiid mandabitur ab Imperatoribus-* pxta Fires.

Sacrament, was alfo ufed in the Roman Law, for a Pledge or Gage of Money, which both the Plaintiff and Defendant, in any real A&ion, laid down in Court, to be forfeited by him who mould lofe rhe Caule.

SACRAMENTAR1ANS, a general Name given to all fuch as have published, or held erroneous Doctrines of rhe Sacrament of the Supper. The Term is chiefly applied by the Roman Catholicks* by Way of Reproach, to theLttthe- rans* Calvi???fis, and other Protefiants. -•- Sacramerdarkim* was an antient Church-Book, comprehending all the Pray- ers and Ceremonies pra&ifed at the Celebration of the Sacraments. Pope Gelafus was the firft Author of the Sa- cramentarium. It was afterwards revifed, corrected and abridged by St. Gregory, h was the fame with what the Greeks now call Euchokgy ; Which fee.

SACRED, fometbing/;e/r, or, that is folemnly offered, and confecrated to God with Ceremonies, Benedictions, Unctions, l$c. See Consecration. Kings, Prelates, and Priefts are held facred Perfons, Abbots are only bleffed. The Deaconhood, Sub deaconhood, and Priefthood, are fa- cred Orders, and imprefs a facred, indelible Character. The Cuftom of confecrathg Kings with Holy Oil, is derived, according to Guthinghis, from the Hebrews,- among whom, he agrees with Grotius* it was never ufed but to Kings who had not an evident Right by SuccefTion. He adds, That the Chriftian Emperors never ufed it before Jnftin the younger 5 from whom he takes it to have paffed to the Goths, &c.

Sacrei\is alfo applied to Things belonging to God and the Church: Church Lands, Ornaments, &c. are held

facred. The Sacred College is that of the Cardinals.

See Cardinal. Sacred Ma]efiy* is applied to the Emperor and the King of England^ yet Loueay fays 'tis Blaf- phemy.

The Ancients held a Place (truck with a Thunder-bolt, as z facred Thing. In the Civil- Law, a Sacred 'Place is that, where a Perfbn deceafed, has been interr'd.

SACRIFICE, an Offering made to God on an Altar, by Means of a regular Minifter, as an Acknowledge- ment of his Power, and a Payment of Homage. Sacri- fices differ from mere Oblations* in that in a Sacrifice there is a real Deftru&ion or Change of theThing offered; whereas an Oblation is only a fimple Offering or Gift, without any fuch Change at all. See Oblation. Divines divide Sacrifices into Bloody* fuch as thofe of the Old Law ; and Sloodlefs, fuch as thofe of the New Law. They divide them again into Impetratory* which are thofe offered, to obtain fome Favour of God, or to thank

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him for fome already received ; and "Propitiatory* which are thofe offered to obtain Forgivenefs of Sins.

The Phtsmcicms are ufually held the firft Authors of Sacrifices. 'Porphyry* indeed, attributes the Invention to the Egyptians ; who, he fays, firft offered the Firft Fruits ot their Grounds, to the Gods; burning them upon an Altar ot 1 urte. At length they came to burn Perfumes, and at laft facrificed Animals ; obferving that they firft eat fome Herbs, or Fruits, regularly offered on the Al- tars. He adds, that Liba.tiovs were very frequent e'er Sa- crifices of Beaits got Footing. Sec Libation: Ovid ob- ferves, That the very Names Victim and Hfiia import* that they were not flain, till fuch Time as Victories were obtained over Enemies. Indeed, while Men lived on Herbs and Pulfe, 'tis no Wonder they abftaincd from Sacrifices at Beads 5 fince the Law of Sacrifices required, that they eat fome Part thereof. In Effect, 'tis fuppofed to be this that firft introduced Flefh as a Food, and made Man a carnivorous Animal. See Carnivorous. The Truth is, in all Antiquity, both facred and profane, Sacrifices were ordinarily nothing elfe but Holy Ban- quets,

The Scriptures fumifh us with a fomewhat different Account. Noah certainly facrificed Animals at his coming out of the Ark, and 'tis' even fuggefled, that Mel hhn- felf facrificed the belt and fatten 1 of his Flocks : But Gro- this fliews, 'tis much more probable, he contented him- felf with_ making a mere Oblation of his Lambs, &c. to God without facrificing them.

Macrobius tells us, That the Egyptians, long accuftomed to bloodlels Sacrifices* being at length obliged to admit the Worfhip of Seraph and Saturn, to whom Victims were to be facrificed; would not allow theirTemples to be built in the Cities. Thefe Victims, however, or bloody Sacrifi- ces, at length obtained, in Exclufion of almoit all the reft. The mod ufual Victims among the Ancients, were Bulls, Oxen, Cows, Sheep and Lambs, in regard thefe were the moft ordinary Food of Man.

The Manner of Sacrificing among the ancient Hebre-wSi is amply defcribed in the Books of Mofes. That in Uie among the Romans* is as follows .- In the Choice of the Victims* Care was taken it were without Blemifh or Imperfection, his Tail not too finall at the End ; the Tongue not black, nor Ears cleft, and the Bulls luch as had never been yoked. The ViUim pitched upon, they gilt his Forehead and Horns, efpecially if a Bull, Hei- ter, or Cow. The Head they alfo adorned with a woollen Jnfula* whence hung two Rows of Chaplets with twifted Ribbons ; and in the middle of the Body a kind of Stole ', pretty large, hung down on both Sides: The lefs Victims were only adorned with Bundles of Flowers and Cirlands, together with white Tufts or Garlands. The ViElims thus made ready, were brought before the Altar ; the le£ fer were not led in a String, bur driven to the Place ; the greater were conducted in an Halter; if they made any Struggle, or refufed to go, the Refinance was taken for* an ill Augury, and rhe Sacrifice fet afide. The Victim thus brought before the Altar, was examined very circumfpect.- ly, to fee if there were no Defecl in ir. Then the Prieft* being clad in his facerdotal Habit, and accompanied with the Sacrificers and other Attendants, and being warned and purified according to the Cerenvnies prefcribed, be- gan the Sacrifice* with making a loud Confeffion of his Unworthinefs, acknowledging hiinfelf guilty of divers Sins ; for which he begged Pardon of the Gods, hop- ing they would be pleated to grant his Requests.

Thefe Confeffions were like thofe of the Hebrews: with this Difference, that the "Pagans confefs'd the Frail- ty of Mankind, and owned their Faults; the yews con- feffed chiefly the Greatnels of God, accompanying it with Hymns and mufical Inftruments. The Confeflion over, the Prieft cry'd aloud, Compofe your felves* and mind your Sacrifice ; and prefently an Uflier, holding a Rod in his Hand, called Comment senium* went through the Temple, and made all thofe withdraw, who were not inftrufted in the Myfteries of Religion, or fuch as were excommunicated. The Cuflom of the Greeks, from whom the Romans borrowed theirs, was, That the Prieft com- ing to the Altar, mould ask aloud T'h TiAv ? Who is here? The People anfwered, Tlowoi jo, dyaQoi* Many good Per- fons : Then the Uflier went through the Temple, crying, The Romans commonly ufed the Words, Nbcentes, Pro- fani abfeedite. All thofe who were driven out of the Temples among the Greeks, were comprehended under thefe general Words, (Zi$n\oi, dfxvv-roi, dyjA&frot. The Pro- phane withdrawn, they cry'd, Favete livguis* or anhms* and Pafcite Unguam, to require Silence, and Attention during the Sacrifice. Thefe Ceremonies ended, the chief Sacrificer being fet down, and the reft of them {landing, the Magiftrates or private Perfbns, who offered Sacr'fice f earn? before him, and prcilnted him with the Firft Fruits
 * EyJs, sj&V, Iffrs /3a0j]Ac/ ; that is. Away with the Wicked.