Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/653

 RUL

( 103d )

RUL

RUDIMENTS, Rudimenta, the firft Principles or Grounds of any Arc or Science ; call'd alfo the Elements thereof. See Elements.

RUDIS, a knotty rough Stick, which the Prsetor among the Romans, gave the Gladiators, as a Mark of their Freedom and Difmiffion. See Gladiator.

Hence the Latin Phraie, Rudedonare, to make aGladiator free, to diicharge him from fighting any more.— They were hence called Rudiarii See Rudiarii.

RUE, Ruta, a medicinal Plant, much ufed in the prefent Practice. — Schroder commends it as an Alexipharmic, and Cepha- lic; fays it refills Poifons and Malignities, and is therefore to be ufed in Fevers; and that it is good in all convulfive Cafes.

It is replete with a fat vifcous Juice, and by that means yields litde to any Purpofe in Diftillation, unlefs where firft digefted in a fpirituous Menftruum. — Hence its fimple Water in the Shops, according to Dr. Quinsy, is nothing worth. It ought to be railed with a fpirituous Liquor, or ufed in Conlerve; or, which is beft of all, eat alone frefh gathered, with Bread and Butter. It is of Service in nervous Cafes, particularly fuch as arife from the Womb, as it deterges the Glands, and by 'its Vifcidity, bridles thofe inordinate Motions, which frequently begin there, and af- fect the whole Conftitution. See Hysteric, Uterine, &c-

RUELLE, a French Term, lately introduced into our Lan- guage.— Rustle is a diminutive of Rue-, Street; and fignifies, lite- rally, a little Street.

Its ufe among us, for an Alcove, or other genteel Apart- ment, where the Ladies receive Vilits either in Bed or up.— The Poets go reading their Works from Ruelle to Ruelle, to befpeak the Approbation and Intereft of the Ladies.

RUFTER-Hooii', among Falconers, a plain Leather-Hood, large and open behind, to be worn by an Hawk, when fhe is firft drawn, See Hood, Hawk, Hawking, &c.

RUINS, a Term particularly ufed lor magnificent Buildings fallen to decay by length of Time; and whereof there only remains a confuted Heap of Materials.

Such are the Ruins of the Tower of Babel, or Tower of Be- lus, two Days Journey from Bagdat, in Syria, on the Banks of the Euphrates; which are now no more than a Heap of Bricks, cemented with Bitumen; and whereof we only perceive the Plan to have been Square.

Such, alfo, are the Rums of a famous Temple or Palace near Schiras in Perfia; which the Antiquaries will have to have been built by Ahaffuerus ; and which the Perjians now call Tchelminar, or Chelminar, q. d. the forty Columns; becaufe there are fo ma- ny Colums remaining pretty entire, with the Traces of others; a great Quantity of Baffo Relievo's, and unknown Characters, fufficient to fhew the Magnificence of the Antique Architecture. See Chelminar.

RULE, Regula, or Ruler, a very fimple Inftrument, or- dinarily of hard Wood, thin, narrow, and ftraight; ferving to draw right Lines withal. See Line.

The Rule is of principal ufe in all the mechanical Arts. — To prove whether or no it bejuft; draw a Line by ir on a Paper; then turn the Rule about, the Right end to the Left; and apply the fame Edge this way to the Line : If the Edge now agree ex- actly with the Line, the Ruler is true.

Defmarets has a fine Poem on the Amours of the Rule and Compafs.— The Stone-Cutters-Rule is ulually four Foot long; and divided into Feet and Inches.

The Mafon's-Rule is 12 or 15 Foot long, and is applied under the Level, to regulate the Courfes, to make the Piedroits equal, <&c.

Rule is alfo ufed for certain Inftruments which have other confiderable Ufes befide that of drawing Lines.— Such are the Carpenters Joint-Rule, Everard's, and Coggefbal's Sliding-Rules, '&c.

Carpeutcrs-Joint-Rvhz, is an Inftrument ufually of Box, 24 Inches long, and one and a half broad; each Inch being fubdi- vided into eight Parts.— On the feme Side with thefe Divifions, is ufually added Gunter's Line of Numbers.

On rhe other Side are the Lines of Timber and Board-Meafure; the firft beginning at 82, and continued to 36, near the other End : The latter is numbered from 7 to 36, four Inches from the other End.

Ufe of the Carpenter's Joint-RvLE.

The Application of the Inches in meafuring Lengths, Breadths, &c. is obvious— That of the Gunter's Line, fee under Line of Numbers.— The ufe of the other Side is all we need here med- dle with.

1. The Breadth of any Surface, as Board, Glafs, &c. being gi- ing ; to find htm much in Length makes a Square Foot.— Find the Number of Inches the Surface is broad, in the Line of Board Meafure; and right againft it is the Number of Inches required.

Thus if the Surface were 8 Inches broad, 18 Inches will be found to make a fuperficial Foot.

Or, more readily thus:— Apply the Rule to the Breadth of the Board or Glafs; that End mark'd 36 being even with the Edge; the other Edge of the Surface will fhew the Inches and Quarters of Inches which go to a fquare Foot.

2. Ufe of the Table at the end of the Board Meafure.— .If a Sur- face be one Inch broad, how many Inches long will make a fu- perficial Foot ? Look in the upper Row of Figures for 1 Inch, and under it in the iecond Row is 12 Inches, the anfwer to the Queftion.

3. Ufe of the Line of Timber Meafure.— -This refembles the for- mer; for having learnt how much the Piece is Square, look for jjgt Number on the Line of Timber-Meafure : The Space

thence to the End of the Rule is the Length, which at that Breadth makes a Foot of Timber. — Thus, if the Piece be 9 Inches Square, the Length neceffary to make a folid Foot of Timber, is 21 -'- Inches. — If the Timber be fmall, and under 9 Inches Squarcfeek the Square in the upper Rank of the Table; and immediately under it is the Feet and Inches that make a folid Foot. — Thus, if it be 7 Inches Square, 2 Foot 1 1 Inches will be found to make a folid Foot. If the Piece be not exactly Square, but broader at one End than another; the Method is to add the two together, and take half the Sum for the Side of the Square. — For round Tim- ber, the Method is to girt it round with a String, and to allow the fourth Part for the Side of the Square. — But this Method is erroneous; for hereby you lofe above f of the true Solidity. See TlMSEK-Meafure.

Everard's Sliding-RvLZ, ? c C c „ ,

s- IL f vl-J! -a > cte ^ SLIDING-Rff/e.

Coggejhals S//rf/M£-RuLE, S c

Rule, Regula, is alfo a certain Maxim, Canon, or Precept, to be obferved in any Art or Science. See Canon, Maxim, <&c— Thus we fay, the Rules of Grammar, of Logic, of Philo- fophizing, &c. See Grammar, Logic Philosophizing, &c.

The School Philofophers dilringuifh two Kinds of Rules ; viz- Theoretical, which relace to the Underftanding ; being of ufe in the Difcovcry of Truth. See Understanding, Criterion, and Truth — And PraBical, which relate to the Will, and ferve to direct it to what is good and right. See Good and Rectitude.

For the Management and Application of thefe two Safe, there are two diffract Arts; viz.. Logick, and Ethicks. See Logics and Ethicks.

The Rules of Knowing, ReguU friendi, are fuch as direct and affift the Mind, in perceiving, judging, and reaibning. Sec Perception, Judgement, and Reasoning.

Rules of A&ivg, ReguU agendi, are thofe whereby the Mind is guided in her Defires, Purluirs, &c. See Will.

Authors are extremely divided about the regard to be had to the Rules of Poetry fix'd by the AntibntS " ' Ariftotle, Horace, Longinus, &c and admitted by the modern Criricks, as Boft, &c. fome contending rhat they be inviolably obferv'd ; others pleading for Liberty to let them alide on occalion.— Rules, 'tis complaui'd, are Fetters; rank Enemies to Genius; and never religi- oully obferv'd by any, but thofe who have nothing of themfelves to depend on. Voiture frequently neglected all the Rules of Poetry ; as a Matter who fcorn'd to be confined by them. See Poetry.

The Theatre has irs particular Rules; the Rule of 24. Hours; the Unities of Action, Time, and Place, <&c. See Unity. See alfo Theatre.

If it be true, fays Moliere, that Plays conducted according to the Rules, don't pleafe; but thofe which are not, do: The Rules mull be nought.— For my felf, when a thing hits and diverts me, I don't enquire if I have done amifs; nor whether AriJIotles Rules forbid me to laugh. See Law.

Rule, in Arithmetick, is a certain Operation with Figures, to find Sums or Numbers unknown. See Arithmetick, "ope- ration, ejfe.

Each Rule in Arithmetick has its particular Name, ac- cording to the ufe for which it is intended.— The tour firlt, which fcrve as the Foundation of the whole Art, are call'd Ad- dition, SubftraSioTt, Muliiohcalimi, and Dm/ifm; each whereof fee under its proper Article.

From thele arife fcveral other Rules ; as the Rule of Three, or of Proportion ; call'd alio, rhe Golden Rule; and ditlinguilhed into

direil, and inverfi, fmple, and compound, Rule of five Numbers.

Rule of Fellowlhip, fmple, and with Time—Rule of Alligation, medial and alternate.— Rule of Exch«me.—Rule of falfe Poftion, fmgle and double. See Fellowship, Alligation, Exchange, and Position.

Rule of Three or of Proportion, commonly call'd the Golden Rule, is a Rule which teaches how to find a fourth proportio- nal Number, to three others given. See Proportion.

As if 3 Degrees of the Equator contain 70 Leagues, how. many do 360 Degrees, the Circumference of the Earth, contain ?

Ibe Rule is this.— Multiply the fecond Term 70, by the third 360; divide the PreduS 25200, by the frft Term 3: the Quotient 8400 is the fourth Term required.

The ufe of this Rule is of vaft extent, both in common Life, and the Sciences ; but has no Place, except where the Proporti- on of the given Numbers is known.— Suppofe, e. gr. a large Vef- fel full of Water to empty it felf by a little Aperture; and fup- pofe 3 Gallons to flow out in 2 Minutes; and it were re- quired to know in what time 100 Gallons would be thus evacu- ated ?— Here indeed are three Terms given, and a fourth requi- red : But as 'tis evident from Experience, that Water flows falter at firft than afterwards, the Quantity of flowing Water is not proportional to the Time; and therefore the Queftion does not come under the Rule of Three.

The things which come under Com merce are proportionable to their Prices; Twice as much of any Commodity colling twice as much Money, &c. The Price, therefore, of any Quantity of a Commodity being given, the Price of any other Quanrity of the fame, or the Quantity of the Commodity anfwering ro any other givenSum, is found by the Rule of Three.— E. gr. If 3 Pounds colt 171. what will 30 Pounds colt? Since, as 3 Pounds are to 30 Pounds, fo is the Value of the former I -;s. to the Value of the latter. The Queftion (lands thus :

3 ft- >. - 30 ib '17 s.

'7

3) 510 (170?. 88. 10 f.