Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/620

 RES

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RES

the various Kinds of Equations. See Constuction of Equa- tions.

Resolution., in Medicine, the Coition or Alteration of the Crude peccant Matter of any Difeafe, either by the natural Strength of the Patient, or of its one accord, or by the Appli- cation of Remedies ; whereby its Bulk, Figure, Cohaefion, &c. are fo far chang'd as that it ceafes to be Morbid, and becomes laudable. See Coction, Disease, &c.

This, the learned Boerhaave obferves, is of all others the moft perfect Cure, where 'tis effected without any Evacuation; as fuppoling the Matter favourable, theConftitution excellent, and ■ the Medicines good. See Crisis, <&c.

Resolution, in Mufick, is when a Canon, or perpetual Fu- gue is not wrote all on the fame Line, or in one Part j but all the Voices that are to follow the Guida, or firft Voice, are wrote fe- parately, either in $core> i. e. in feparate Lines, or in feparate Parts, with the Paufes each is to obferve, in the Beginning, and in the Tone proper to each.

Resolution, in Grammar. See Reduction.

RESONANCE, Resounding, in Mufick, &c. a found re- turn'd by the Air inclofed in the Bodies of String-Mufical-Inftru- ments ; as Lutes, &c. or even in the Bodies of Wind-Inftru- ments, as Flutes, &c. See Sound, Musick, Instrument,

We alfo fay, Elliptic, and parabolic Vaults, nfiund ftrongly, i. e. reflect or return the Sound. See Eccho.

The Mouth, and the Parts thereof, as the Palate, Tongue, Teeth, Nolle, and Lips, Monf. Dodart obferves, contribute no- thing to the Tone oi the Voice ; but their effect is very great as to the Refinance. See Voice.

Of this we have a very fenlible Inftance in that vulgar Inftru- ment called the Jews-Harp, or Trompede Beam: For, if you hold it in your Hand, and ftnke the Tongue or Spring thereof, which makes all the Sound of the Inltrument, it fcarce yields any Noife at all. But, holding the Body of the Inftrument between the Teeth, and {hiking the Spring as before, it makes a mufical Buzz, which is heard to a good Dutance, and efpecially the lower Notes.

So alfo in the Haut-bois, the Tone of the Reed is always the fame; being a fort of a Drone : The Chief variety is in the Tone of the Refinance^ produced in the Mouth by the greater or lefs Aperture, and the divers Motions of the Lips. See Hautboy.

RESOLVENTS, Resolventia, in Medicine, Remedies proper to refolve and diffipate Tumors and Gatherings ; to foften Hardneftes ; and by their Tenuity and Warmth, evacuate redun- dant or peccant Humours through the Pores. See Resolution.

Under this Clafs come various Unguents, Emplaiters, &c. See Discutient.

RESPECTU computi vice comitis hahendo, a Writ for the ref- pitinga Sheriff's Accompt, uponjuft Occafion. See Sheriff.

It is directed to the Treafurer and Barons of the Exchequer.

RESPIRATION, Respiratio, the Act of Rejpiring, or Breathing. See Air and Breath,

Rejpiration is an involuntary Motion of the Breaft, whereby the Air is alternately taken in and thrown out : It therefore in- cludes two contrary Motions; the one call'd frijpiration, where- by die Fluid is received into the Cavity of the Lungs. See In- spiration.

And the other Expiration, whereby it is again expell'd. See Expiration.

The principal Organs of Rejpiration are the Lungs, Trachea, Larynx, Sec. the Defcription whereof fee under their proper Ar- ticles, Lungs, Trachea, Larynx, &c.

For the manmr -wherein Rejpiration is perfomed.—'Tis to be obferved, that the Lungs, when fufperrded in the open Air, by the contractive Power of the mufcular Fibres which tye to- gether the fquamous Parts of the Bronchia, are reduced to lefs Space than that they poffefs'd while in the Cavity of the Thorax : And when thus contracted, if a Quantity of new Air beinjected through the Glottis", they again become diftended, fo as to pof- feis an equal, nay a greater Space than that affign'd them in the Thorax. See Muscle.

Hence it appears, that the Lungs, by their proper Force, are always endeavouring to contract tbemfelves into lefs Compafs than they poffefs when inclofed in the Thorax, and that there- fore they are always in a State of violent Dilatation while the Man lives.— -For the Air that encompafTes them in the Thorax, flint up between their external Membrane and the Pleura, is not of equal Denfity with common Air.

In effect, the ingrefs of the Air through the Glottis into the Lungs, is always free, but that on the out-tide wherewith they are comprefs'd, is impeded by the Diaphragm, fo as it cannot enter the Thorax in Quantity fufficient to make an Equili- brium.

Since then, in Infpiration, the Air enters the Lungs in greater Quantity than it was before ; it will dilate them more, and will overcome their natural Force.— The Lungs therefore are wholly Paffive in the Matter: What it is that acts muft be learnt from the Phenomena.

i°. Then, it is obferv'd, that in Infpiration, the nine upper Ribs articulated to the Vertebrae and the Sternum, rife Archwife towards the Clavicles ; and the three lower are turn'd downwards.

and the eighth, ninth, and tenth, are drawn inwards. 2 . that the Abdomen is dilated; and 3. the Thorax enlarged. 4 . the Diaphragm is brought from its convex and finuous Pofition to a flat Figure.

Now, as thefe are the only vifible Actions in Infpiration, the Caule thereof muft be refer'd to them ; or rather to the Mufcles of thefe Parts, which are the Intercoftals, the Subclavian, &c.

The Capacity of the Thorax being enlarged by the Action of thefe Mufcles on the Ribs, &c. a Space is left between the Pleu- ra and the Surface of the Lungs; fo that the Air entering the Glottis inflates them till fuch rime as they become contiguous to the Pleura and Diaphragm.— In this Cafe, now, the Air preffes the Lungs as much as the Thorax refills them. And hence, the Lungs become at reft; the Blood paffes lefs freely, and is forced in Ids Quantity into the left Ventricle of the Heart, and fo lefs comes into the Cerebellum, and its Nerves, and the arterial Blood acts lefs on the intercoftal Mufcles and Diaphragm.

The Caules, therefore, which at firft dilated the Thorax, grow weaker, confequenrly the Ribs become deprefs'd ; the diftend- ed Fibres of the Muicles of the Abdomen rtftore thcmfelves; the Vifcera thruft the Diaphragm up again into the Thorax, the Space whereof being thus contracted, the Air is drove out of the Lungs; and thus is Expiration pcribim'd.

Immediately, the Blood being quickened in its Motion, begins to flow ftronger and more plentifully to the Cerebellum and Mufcles; and thus the Caufes of the Contraction of the Inter- coftals and Diaphragm, being renewed, Infpiration is repeated.

Such is the true, immediate, adequate Manner of vital Re- jpiration. See Heart.

For the ufes and effects of Rejpiration, they ate greatly dis- puted among Anatomifts. — The learned Boerhaave takes the prin- cipal ufes thereof to be the further Preparation or the Chyle, its more accurate Mixture with the Blood, and its Conversion int6 a nutritious Juice proper to repair the Decays of the Body. See Nutrition.

Borelli takes the great ufe of Rejpiration to be the admiflion and mixture oi Air, with the Blood, in the Lungs,in order to form thofe elaftic Globules it contifts of; togive it its red florid Colour; and to prepare k for many of the ufes of the O Economy : but how fuch Admiffion mould be effected is hard to (ay. — 'Tis impoffi- ble it mould be done in the pulmonary Arteries; nor can it be proved in the pulmonary Veins.— In effect, fuch a Communica- tion muft be hindered and obftructed by the Airs diftending the Veficufce, and comprefling the Veins, in Infpiration ; by the (limy Humor that lubricates the Membrane lining the inlide of the Tra- chea. Add to this, the difficult Patfage of Air through fuch ("mall Pores as will admit Water; and the ill Effect Air ordinarily has when admitted into the Blood. See Pore and Water.

As to the Arguments for fuch Communication, viz. the florid Colour the Blood here firft affumes, and the abfolute Neceffity of Rejpiration to Life; they are both well accounted for other- wife. See Blood.

Other Authors, as Sylvias, Etmufkr, &c. take a great ufe of Refpiratbn to be, by the Neighbourhood of the cold nitrous Air., to cool the Blood coming reeking hot out of the right Ventri- cle of the Heart, through the Lungs; and to act as a Refrige- ratory. See Refrigeratory.

Mayovjj and others, afiert one grand uf- of Expiration to be to throw off the fuliginous Vapours of the Blood along with the expell'd Air; and for Infpiration, he aSerts that it conveys a ni- tro-aerial Ferment to the Blood, to which the animal Spirits and all mufcular Motion are owing.

But Dr. Thnrjion rejects all thefe from being principal ufes of Respiration, which he fliews to be to move or pais the Blood trom the right to the left Ventricle of the Fleart, and fo to effect the Circulation. See Circulation.

Whence it is that Perfons hang'd, drown'd, or ftrangled, fo fuddenly dye, viz. becaufe the Circulation of the Blood is ftop'd; and for the fame Reafon it is that Animals dye fo fpeedily in the Air-Pump. See Drowning, Vacuum, &c.

He Inftances an Experiment by Dr. Croon, before the Royal Society, who, by ftrangling a Pullet, fo as not the leaft Sign of Life appeared; yet by blowing into the Lungs through the Tra- chea, and lb fetting the Lungs a playing, he brought the Bird to Life again. — Another Experiment or" the fame Kind is that of Dr. Hook, who after hanging a Dog. cut away the Ribs, Diaphragm, and Pericardium, as alfo the Top of the Wind-Pipe, that he might tye it on to the Nofe of a pair of Bellows; and thus by blowing into the Lungs he reftored the Dog to Life, and thencealing to blow, the Dog would foon fall into dying Fits, but recover again by blowing; and thus alternately as long as he pleaftd.

This ufe of Rejpiratim Dr. Drake not only confirms, but car- ries farther; making it the true Caafe of the Diaftole oi' the Heart; which neither Borelli, Dr. Lower, nor Mr. Copper had well accounted for. See Diastole.

The Weight of the incumbent Atmofphere he fliews to be the true Antagoniit to all the Muicles, ferving both for ordinary In- fpiration, and the Contraction of the Heart.— As in the Elevarif on of the Ribs, that Author obferves, the Blood by the Paflage opened for it, is in a Manner follicked into the Lungs ; lb in the Depreffion thereof by the Sublidence of the Lungs, and the con- traction of the Blood Veflels, confequenr thereon, the Blood is 1 1 Y forcibly