Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/54

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JU

Srroris owing to this, that in our prefent State, we fre- quently fce things to be evidently true without the lcaft reafon ro doubt of 'em -, in which cafe the Will is not at liberty either to give or refufe her Affent : but it is not fo"in Matters of Goodnefs 5 there being nothing, which we don't know fume reaion for forbearing to love. So that we here perceive a manifeft Indifference, and are fully convinced that when we love any thing, even God for iniiance, we ufe our Liberty, and. do it vuluntarily. 13ut the Ufe we make of our Liberty is not fo apparent, when we confent to the Truth, efpecially when it appears perfectly evident : And this leads us to think that our Confent to Truth, that is, our Judgment, is not voluntary 5 as if an Action, to be voluntary, mull be indifferent: As if the BlelTed above did not love God voluntarily, be- eaufe they cannot be diverted from it by any other thing; nor we confent freely to this evident Proportion, That twiceaare4, beeaufe we have no appearance ot Reafon to dilfuadc us from it. See Witt, Liberty, Truth, Good- xeff.

Judgment, in a legal Sentence, rs a Sentence or Deciiion pronounced by Authority of the King, or other Tower, ei- ther by their own Mouth, or by that of their Officers whom they appoint to adminifter Juftice in their {lead. Of JudgmentsiomG are definitive, others only preparato- ry, provifional, or interlocutory. The antient words ot judgment are very fignificant, Confederation eji, £jfc. beeaufe judgment is ever given by the Court upon Confidcra- tion had of the Record before them. In every Judg- ment there ought to be three Perfons, Atlor, Reus, and Judex.

JUDICATURE, thcProfeffion of thofe who adminifter' Juitice. Judicature,, is a kind of Priefthood. The word is alfo ufed to fignify the Extent of the Jurifdittion of a Judge, and the Court wherein he fits to do Juitice.

JUDICIUM DEI, Judgment of God, wasa Term ancient- ly understood of any extraordinary Trials of fecret Crimes 5. as thofe by Arms and Jingle Combat, thofe by Fire or red-hot Plow-Stares; by plunging the Arm in boiling Wa- ter, or the whole Body in cold Water, in hopes God' would work a Miracle rather than fuffer Truth and Inno- cence to perifh : Si fe ffer defendere Hon ffojft, Judicio Dei Jell. Aqua -vcl Ferro Jieret de to Jujiitia. There Cuftoms were a long time kept up, even among Chrillians, and are ftillinUfcln fome Nations. See Ordeal, Water, &c. Thefe Trials were held in the Churches, in prefencc of the Bi- fliops, Priefls, and Secular Judges, after three Days Fall- ing, Confeffion, Communion, and a world of Adjurations and Ceremonies, defcribed at large by du Cange.

JUGULAR, a Term, among Anatomifts, applied to certain Veins of the Neck, which terminate in the Sub- claveans. There are two on each Side; the one external, receiving the Blood from the Face and the external Parts of the Head j and the other internal, which receives the Blood from the Brain.

jugular is alfo applied to certain Glands of the Neck, h the Spaces between the Mufcles. They are in Num- ber 14, and arc found of different Figures, fome larger, ethers left'* they are fattened to each otherby certain Membranes and Veffels,. and their Subftanee is like that of the Maxillaries. They feparate a Lympha, which is conveyed by thofe Veffels to the adjacent Mufcles. Tis an Ob'flruaion in thofe Glands which occafions the King's- Evil. V'°nis. " fc

JUICE, a liquid Subflancc,. which makes part of the Compofition of Plants, communicating itfelf to all the other Parts, and ferving to feed and incrcafe them. Juice is that to Plants, which Blood is to Animals, There are Juices aqueous, vinous, oleaginous, gummous, refinous, and bituminous, of all Taftesand Colours. Dr. Lijier ob- fcrves, that mod Juices of Plants coagulate, whether they be fuch as are drawn from the Wounds of a Plant, orfuch as fpontaneoufly exfude; he having made Curds and Cakes of the Juices of a great Number of Plants. He adds, that as the Jakes of" Plants feem to be compound- ed and mixed of Liquors of different kinds 5 'tis pro- bable, if the Cafeous Part be narcotic, for inftance, the Whey may not be fo j or the one may be hurtful, and the other a good and ufeful Medicament. See Sap,

The word Juke is alfo applied to feveral of the Fluids 5n an animal Body. The nervous Juice is a Liquor which, accordin« to fome Phyficians, is found in the Nerves, whence it takes its Name. GUffon, Wharton, and Willis •were the firft who made mention of the nervous Juice -, they take it to be a kind of Vehicle to the animal Spirits, preventing them from dhTipating too haftily, and thinkit alfo fcrves to nourifli the Parts of the Body : but a great part of our modern Phyficians deny the Exiftence of thiswise*.

Pancreatic Juice is a Liquor fepar&ted in the Glands of She Pancreas. See Pancreas,

^wieeisalfo applied to the Vapours and Humidities In- cloled in the Earth. Thus they fay Chryftal is formed of a lapidific Juice, and Metals are formed of Vapours and Juices condenfed in the Earth.

JUJUBE, the Fruit of a Tree of the fame Name, growing very commonly in Provence, and fome other Parts. The Jujubes are about the Size of a Plumb, oval, red without, yellow within, of a fweet, very commonly, vi- nous Tatle; they are peel oral and aperitive, foften the Acrimony of the Humours, and promote a Difcharge by the Sputum. Plmy tells us, that Sextut Papin'ms brought the iirft Jujubes from Syria, and Truffles from Africa, towards the End of Augujtus's Reign.

JULAP, in Pharmacy, is an cafy agreeable Potion pre- ferred to fick Perfons : It ufually confifts of diftilled. Waters, or light Decoctions, frequently fweeten'd with Sugar or clarified Juices. It is fometimes ufed as the or- dinary Drink in certain Difeafes, but ufually as a Vehicle for other Forms of Medicines; ferving to correel the pec- cant Humours, to reftore the declining Strength of the Heart, and to promote Sleep. The word, according to 'Menage, is derived from the Arabic, GiuUf, or rather from the Greek fyhefaict. Olearius derives it from Gulap, a Per- jian Word, Signifying Rofe-Water.

1ULE, a kind of antient Hymn fung by the Greeks,. and after them by the Romans, during the time of their Harveft, in honour of Ceres and Baccbus; in order to render thofe Deities propitious. The word is derived from the Greek?Ao/, or i'sa©-, a Sheaf. This Hymn was fometimes alfo called Vemetrule, or Vemetriule, that is, lide of Ceres,

JULIAN YEAR, is the old Account of the Year, ftill in ufe among us in England 3 it is fo called from its Foun- der Julius Gvfar, and by that Name is diftinguifhed from the new, or Gregorian Account, ufed in feveral Parts of Europe. It is either Common or Bilfextile j the Common confifts of 365 Days, and the Biffextile of ^66. Sojigenes, whom Gefaf made ufe of in the Reformation of the Ca- lendar, judged the mean Solar Year to confift of juft 3 tf 5 Days and fix Hours; and on this Ground it was that defar appointed one Year in four to be Biffextile, and the other three Common. See Tsar.

The Julia?! Period is of great Ufe in Chronology, and was invented by Scaliger; it confifts of 75)80 Years, the Pro- duel of the three Cycles multiplied into each other, sis. the Indiclion, which is 15 5 the Golden Number 19; and the Cycle of the Sun 28. It is made to commence before the Creation of'the World, and that more or lefs, according to the Hypothcfis that is followed. Its principal Ad- vantage confifts in this, that the fame Years of the Cy- cles of the Sun, Moon,, and Indiclion, belonging to any Year of this Period, willnevcr fill together again till af- ter the Expiration of 7980 Years, which, according to the received Opinions, will fcarce happen before the Con fum mat ion of all things. The firft Year of the Chri- itian jEra, in all our Syftems of Chronology, is always the 4714th of the Julian Period*.

To find what Year of the Julian Period any given Y'ear of Chrift anfwersto, work thus : To the given Year of Chrill add 4713 (beeaufe fo many Years of the Julian Period were expired before A. D. 1.) and the Sum gives the Year of the Julian Period fought. For Inftance, I would know what Year of the Julian Period A. D. 1720 anfwersto: Now 1720 -}- 4713 ^^433) the Y'ear fought of the Julian Period. On the contrary, having the Year of the Julian Period given, to find what Year of Chrift: anfwers thereto : From the Year of the Julian Period gi- ven, fubftracl 4715 (for the Reafon above-mentioned) and the Refidue will be the Year fought. For inftance, I would know what Year of Chrift anfwers to the Julian Period 6433; wherefore 154.33 — 4723=1720 the Year fought. If the Year of the Julian Period given be lefs than 47 13, then fubftracl the fame from 4714 (which is the Year of the Julian Period that anfwers to the Year of Chrift 1.) and the Refidue will fliew how long before (the beginning of the common Computation from theNa- tivity of) Chrift, the given Year of the Julian Period was. For inftance, the City of Rome is laid to have beer* built, J. P. 3960,. I would know therefore how long it was built before Chrift. Now 4714 — 3960=754, where- fore Rome was built 754 Years before Chrift. It is cal- led Julian as being adapted to the Julian Year. See Pe- riod.

JULUS, a Name which the Botanifts give to thofe Wormlike Tufts, or Palms, as they are called, in Wil- lows, which, at the beginning of the Year, grow our, and hang pendulous down from Hazels, Wallnut-Trees, &c. Mr. Ray thinks them to be a kind of Collection of the Stamina of the Flowers of the Tree, beeaufe in fer- tile Trees and Plants they have abundance of feminal Veffels and Seed-Pods.

JULY, the feventh Month in the Year, when the Sun enters the Sign of Leo, About the 14th Day of this

Month