Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/534

 PUN

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PUP

For the Marnier of Engraving, Tempering, and Stamping theft Punchions, to form the Matrices, fee Engraving en Steel, Matrix, &c.

fuNCHlONS, in Printing, are thofc ufed in (lamping the Matrices, wherein the Types, or Printing- Characters, are caft. See ZeWer-FouNDERT.

Punchion is alfo ufed for feveral Iron Tools of various Sizes, and Figures ufed by the Engravers in Creux, on Metals — -Seal- Gravers, particularly, ufe a great number; for the feveral pieces of Arms,£5?c. to be engraven And many (lamp the whole Seal from a Angle Function. See Engraving.

Punchion is alfo a common Name for all the Iron In- jlruments ufed by Stone-Cutters, Sculptors, Lock-Smiths, f$C. for the cutting, inciding, or piercing their feveral Mat- ters.

Thofe of Sculptors and Statuaries, ferve for the repairing Statues, when taken out of the Moulds. See Statue,

foUNCERY, I&C.

The Lock-Smiths ufe the greateft Variety of Punchions ; fome for piercing hot, others for piercing cold ; fome flat, fome fquare, fome round, others oval; each to pierce Holes of its rcfpeclive Figure, in the feveral parts of Locks.

Punchion, or Punchin, or Needle, in Carpentry, is a piece of Timber placed upright between two Polls whofe bearing is too great ; ferving, together with them, to fuf- tain fome large Weight. See Bearing, £5c.

The "Punchion is ufually lower and ilighter than the Polls, and is join'd by a Brace, or the like, of Iron. See Post.

Tiinchion is alfo a piece of Timber raifed upright under the Ridge of a Building, wherein the little Forces, &c. are

jointed Vitruvius calls the Punchion, Columen.

'Punchion is alfo ufed for the Arbour, or principal Part, of a Machine, whereon it turns vertically; as that of a Crane, &c. Sec Crane.

Punchion, is alfo a Meafure for Liquids, containing 1 \ of a Hogfliead ; or 48 Gallons, or | of a Tun. See Measure.

The Paris Tunchion is the fame with their Demi-queue : At Rouen, it is three Eufliels, &c.

PUNCTATED Hyperbola, in the higher Geometry, an Hyperbola, whofe oval Conjugate is infinitely fmall, u e, a Point. See Curve and Hyperbola.

FUNCTION, or Puncture, in Chirurgery, an Aper- ture made in the lower Belly, in Dropfical Perfons ; to dis- charge the Water: call'd alfo Paracentesis - 7 which fee. See alfo Tapping, and Dropsy.

PUNCTUATION, in Grammar, the Art of Pointing; or of dividing a Dileourfe into Periods, and Members of Periods ; by Points, expreffing the Paufes to be made in the reading thereof. See Sentence, Period, &c.

The Points ufed herein are four; viz. the "Period, Colon, Semi-colon, and Comma : See the particular Ufe of each under its proper Article ; Comma, Colon, Period, and Semi-colon.

'PunBuation is a modern Art — the Antients were entire- ly unacquainted with the Ufe of our Commas, Colons, $$c. and wrote not only without any Diftinction of Members, and Periods, but alfo without Diflinction of Words : which Cuflom, Lipfms obferves, continued till the hundred and fourth Olympiad j during which time, the Senfe alone di- vided the Difcourfe. See Point.

There is much more difficulty in Pointings than People

are generally aware of In effect, there is fcarce any

thing in the Province of the Grammarians fo little fix'd and afcertain'd as this. The Rules ufually laid down, are impertinent, dark, and deficient ; and the Practice, at pre- fent, perfectly capricious ; Authors varying not only from one another, but from themfelves too.

Indeed, Y.'Ruffier, and fince him, Vir.Ward, have done fome thing towards a fix'd and precife Syflem of Pointing) from the Reafon and Analogy of Things: Their Doc- trine the Reader will find under the Articles, Comma, Co- lon, S5?c.

In the general, we fhall only here obferve, that the Comma is to diftiogoiJh Nouns from Nouns, Verbs from "Verbs, and fuch other parts of a Period as are not neceffa-

rily join'd together The Semi-colon ferves to fufpend

and fuftain the Period, when too long The Colon, to

add fome new, fupernum- rary Reafon, or Confequence, to

what is already faid And the Period, to clofe the Senfe,

and Conduction ; and releafe the Voice.

PUNCTUM, in Geometry, &C. See Point. Tn the Schools, they have their PunBum Terminals, ft'hich is the indivisible Extreme of a Line, beyond which no part of the Line extends. See Line.

Puntlum continuans, which is an indivifible Magnitude between contiguous Points of a Line, whereby they are connected, and from whence arifes a Continuity. See Con- tinuity.

And 'Puntlum Initians, which is an Indivifible, from Which the Line begins.

Punctum Formatum, or Generation, in Conic's, is a. Point determin'd by the Interfcction of a Right Line drawn thro' the Vertex of a Cone to a Point in the Plane of the Bafe that conilirutes the Conic Seaion. See Cons and Conic.

Punctum ex Comparatione, is either Focus of an Fllipfis and Hyperbola; thus call'd by Apollonius, becaufe the Reclangles under the Segment of the tranfverfe Diameter in the Ellipfisj and under that and the Diftance between the Vertex and the Focus, in the Hyperbola ; are equal to one fourth part of what he calls the Figure thereof. See Ellipsis and Hyperbola.

FtJNjCTBM Ziaeans, in Geometry, is a Term ufed by fome Authors for that Point of the generating Circle of a Cycloid, or Epicycloid, which, in the Genefis produces any part of the Cycloidal Line. S^e Cycloid, $$c.

Punctum Saliens, in Anatomy, the firit Mark of Con- ception of an Embryo, which is in the place where the Heart is form'd. See Conception, FIeart, and Em- bryo.

This is eafily obferv'd with a Microfcope, in a Brood- Egg, wherein, after Conception, we fee a little Speck or Cloud; in the middle whereof is a Spot that appears to beat, or leap a confiderable time, e'er the F&tus be form'd ready for batching. SeeEcc: See alfo Generation, and Embryo.

Punctum Lachrymale, in Anatomy, a little Hole in the Edge of each Eye-lid; opening into a Bag, call'd the Glandula LachrymaUs. See Lachrymal.

PUNCTURE, in Chirurgery, &c, any Wound made by a pointed Initrument. See Wound.

In Phlebotomy, People are fometimes brought in danger of the Lofs of a Limb, and even of Life, by the PunBure of a < Te?idcn • The Patient, here, does not immediately feel any pain ; but twelve Hours alter the Operaiion, com- plains thereof; not in the PunBure itfelt, but in the parts

tending towards the Armpits The wounded part fwells

to the fize of a Filberd, and diftils an aqueous Humour, or Ichor, which is the chief Diagnoflic of the PunBura tendinis. See Tendon.

PUND-BRECH, from the Saxon Puna\ Parens, Pound 5 and Brech, FraBura, Breaking, denotes the illegal taking of Cattel out of the Pound j either by breaking the Pound, picking the Lock, or otherwife. See Pound.

Si Pund-brcch _/£?? in curia Regis plena Wyta _/?£.•

alibi quinque Mane<e. Leg. Hen. 1.

PUNISHMENT, a Penalty impos'd upon the Commif- fion of fome Crime. See Crime.

'Tis efTential to the Nature of a Law, that it import or decree a Punipment 'to the Tran I'grcffors thereof. See Law.

The Forms and Manners of Punijbment are various in various Countries, and Ages, and for various Crimes ; as P'reafon, Felony, Adultery, Parricide, &c. See Adul- tery, £S?c. Among the Ro?n an s, the Pecuniary Pun/Jhments were the

Mulffa and Confifcatic The Corporal PuwJJjments were

Capitis Pjiminutio, Aqua $3 Jgni InterdiBio, Irofcriptio, PJeportatio, Relegatio, Ftirca, Crux, Career, Culms, h.quu- leus, ScaltS Gemoni<e, 'Damuatio ad Gladium, ad Me&allum, t Flagellatio, Talio, &c. moll: of which fee deicrib'd under their refpective Articles.

Among us, the principal Civil Punifrments, are Fines, Imprifonments, the Stocks, Pillory. Burning in the Hand, Whipping, Clicking- fool. Hanging, Beheading, Quartering, Burning, Pranffortation, &C. See Fine, Pillory, Cucking-stool, Gallows, Gibbet, &c.

The Pccleftaftical Punijhments, are Cenfures, Safpenfions, \Deprivations, 'Degradations, Excommunications, Anathe- ma's, Penances, &c. See Censure, Suspension, Depri- vation, Degradation, Excommunication, Ana- thema, Penance, &c.

The Military Punipn.ents, are, being Shot, Running the Gantelope, Riding the wooden Horfe, Bilboes, Sc

Among the Turks, &c. Impaling, Bajlinado's on the Soles of the Feet, ^c. obtain. See Impaling.

PUNITORY Interest, in the Civil Law, fuch Intereft of Money as is due for Delay of Payment, Breach of Pro- mife, £$c.

PUPIL, in the Civil Law, a Boy or Girl, not yet arriv'd at the State of Puberty ; i.e. under fourteen Years of Age the Boy; and twelve the Girl. See Puberty.

While a Minor remain'd under the Direction of a Tutor, he was call'd Pupil ; after Puberty, a Curator being affign'd him, he ceafed to be call'd a Pupil. See Tu- tor and Curator.

A Tutor is obliged to pay Intereft for what Monies of hisPupH He idle and unemploy'd — A Tutor is allow'd to do any thing for his Pupil, but nothing againft him.

PU-