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Wl.Ricard adds, that Bills of Exchange drawn from Amfterdam, or Antwerp, or Spain, are to be protefted, in default of Payment, within fourteen Days after they fall due j after which time, the Bearer ftands the rilque and chance of the non-protefted Bill, not the Drawer, or En- dorfer; in cafe the Party happens to fail after the faid four- teenth Day.

PROTESTANT, a Name firft given in Germany to thofe who adher'd to the Doctrine of Luther; becaufe, in 1529, they protefted againft a Decree of the Emperor Charles V. and the Diet of Spires ; and declar'd, that they appeal' d to a General Council.

The Name has been fince alfo given to thofe who ad- here to the Sentiments of Calvin j and is now become a common Name for all thofe of the Reform'd Churches. See Lutheran, Calvinist, &c.

Great Endeavours have been made to unite the Lutheran Proteftants with the Calvinijls, but in vain.

Protestation, a folemn Declaration made by fome Judiciary Acf or Proceeding againft an Oppreffion, Vio- lence, orlnjuflicej or againft the Legality of a Sentence, Judgment, Decree, or other Procedure; importing that the Party is determin'd to oppofe it at the proper time, &c. See Protest.

tProteflation, in Law, is defin'd by Juftice Walfb, a Defence or Safeguard to the Party that makes it, from being concluded by the A £1 he is about to do 5 fo that Ififue cannot be join'd upon it.

tProteflatioti is a Form of pleading, when one does not directly either affirm or deny any thing alledg'd by ano- ther, or which he himfelf alledges. Plowd. fol. z)<j.

PROTHESIS, or Prosthesis, in Grammar, in the ge- neral is ufed for a Metaplafrn. See Metaplasm.

But it alfo more particularly denotes a prefixing of fome- thing at the beginning of a Word; as in g?zavus,pro

tiavus.

This is alfo call'd Apportion. See Apposition.

Prothesis, or Prosthesis, among Surgeons, is the fil- ling up of what was before wanting : Such, e.gr. is the filling up of fiftulous Ulcers with new Flefh. See Fistu- lous, w

Prothesis is alfo a little Altar in the.Greek Churches, whereon a Ceremony is performed, call'd by the fame Name, "sr^Ssszf.

On this Altar the Prieft, with the other Mitiivters, pre- pares every thing neceffary to the Celebration of Mafs ; viz. the Bread, "Wine, 8£?c. After which, they go in pro- ceffion from this to the great Altar.} to begin Mafs j carry- ins w'ith them the Species thus prepar'd. See Altar.

PROTHONOTARY, Protonotary, or Pronota- was antiently the Title of the principal Notaries of the Emperor of Constantinople. See Notary.
 * .y, a Term properly Signifying firft Notary-, and which

"With us, Prothonotary is now ufed for Officers in the Courts of King's Bench, and Common Pleas j the latter whereof has three ; the former, one. See Court, &c.

Prothonotary of the King's Bench, records all Ac- tions Civil, fued in that Court? as the Clerk of the Crown- Orfice doth all Criminal Caufes. See King's Bench, Re- cord, £5?c.

Prothonotaries of the Common Pleas, enter and en- roll all Declarations, Pleadings, Aflizes, Judgments, and Anions : they alfo make out all Judicial Writs 5 as the Ve- nire facias, after liTue join'd; Habeas Corpus, for bringing in of the Jury; Difiringas Jurator. Writs of Execution, andSeifin, of Superfedeas, of" Privilege, f£c. They inroll all Recognizances acknowledg'd in that Court, all common Recoveries; make Exemplifications of Records, &c.

Prothonotary, or Protonotary, is alfo an Officer in the Court of Rome, who has a degree of Pre-eminence over the other Notaries.

There is a College of twelve 'Prothonotaries, call'd P>ar- ticipantes, becaufe partaking in the Fees of the Expeditions in Chancery.

They are rank'd among the Number of Prelates, wear the Violet Rochet, the Hat, £$c. They affift at all grand Ceremonies, and have a place in the Pope's Chappel.

Their Office is to difpatch the A£t$ in grand Caufes, which the fimple Apoftolical Notaries difpatch in lefler Caufes : they may create Apoftolical Notaries, and Doflors, to officiate out of the City-

Thofe out of the College have none of the Privileges of the others, except the Habit.

The 'Prothonotaries were firft: eftablifti'd at Rome by Pope Clement I. with defign to write the Lives of the Mar- tyrs. See Notary.

PROTHYRUM, mefiu&v, a Porch at the outward Door of a Houfe, or Portal. See Porch.

PROTHYR1S, Protityride, is alfo ufed by Vignola for a particular fort of a Key of an Arch, an Inftance of which we have in his Ionic Order ; confifting of a Roll of Water-Leaves, between two Reglets and two Fillets,

crown y with a 2)oric Cymatimn 5 its Figure being muc'h like that of a Modillion.

Prothyris, in the antient Architecture, is fometimes alfo ufed for a Quoin, or Corner of a Wall ; and fome- times for a crofs Beam, or over-thwart Rafter.

PROTO, a Word ufed in Compofition with divers Terms' m our Language 5 affeding them with a relation of Priority i as in Troto-Martyr, Proto-Type, £?£.

It is form'd of the Greek v&tqs, primus, firft, PROTOCOLLUM, Protocol, a Term ufed in the antient Jurifprudence, for the firft Leaf of a Book ; where- in was the Mark of the Paper and Parchment.

It was even fometimes ufed for the Mark itfelfj which was ufually in the Margin* but fometimes at the top of the Page.

The XLIVth Novel of Juftiniart, forbids the cutting of the Protocollum of Charters which fhew'd the Year^ wherein the Paper or Parchment were made, and the Offi- cer commiffion'dfor the Delivery of them 5 by means where- of, Frauds were frequently detected.

Others will have Protocollum to have been the firft Mi- nute, or Draught, or Summary, of an Act to be pafs'd : which the Notary drew firft up, in fhort, in little Table- Books, to be afterwards enlarg'd at leifure. See No- tary.

PROTO-FORESTARIU^, was he whom our antient Kings made Chief of Wind/or -Foreft, to take Cognizance of all Caufes of Death, or Mayhem there. See Forest and Forester.

PROTO-MARTYR, the firft Martyr, or Witnefs, who fuffer'd Death in Teftimony of the Truth ; as Abel in the Old Teftament ; and Sr. Stephen in the New, See Mar- tyr.

The Word is compounded of ^^rQ-, firft, and //a,-Tuf, Witnefs.

PROTONOTARY. See Prothonotary. PROTOPLAST, Protoplastus, a Title fometimes given to our Firft-fathcr, Adam; from the Greek w-£?to- srAas"©-, a- d. firfi form'd, See Plastic.

PROTOTYPE, the Original, or Model whereon a thing is to be form'd. See Type.

It is chiefly ufed for the Patterns of things to be Engra- ven, Moulded, or Caft. See Model, Mould, £S?c.

PROTOTYPON, in Grammar, is fomeiimes ufed for a primitive or original Word. See Primitive.

PROTRACTING, or Protraction, in Surveying, the plotting, or laying down of the Dimcnftons taken in the Field 5 by means of a Protractor, &C See Protrac- tor and Plotting.

'Protrafiwg makes one half of Surveying. See Sur- veying.

Protracting-^P/k, a Mathematical Internment ; or rather, an Appendage of an Infirument call'd a Protractor.

The ProtraBing-'Pin is a fine Needle, fitted into a Handle ; ufed to prick off Degrees and Minutes from the Limb of the ProtraBor. See Protractor.

PROTRACTOR, an Inftrument ufed in Surgery, to draw out any foreign or difagreeable Bodies from a Wound, or Ulcer, in like manner as the Forceps. See Forceps.

Protractor, is alfo an Infirument ufed in Surveying ; whereby, the Angles taken in the Field with a Theodolite* Circumferentor, or the like, are plotted or laid down on Paper. See Plotting.

The Protractor confifis of a Semi-circular Limb BAG (Tab. Surveying, Fig.29.) of Brafs, Silver, Horn, or the like, divided into 180°, and fubtended by a Diameter B A j in the middle whereof is a little Notch or Lip, o t call'd the Centre of the Protractor.

On the Limb of the Protractor are, fometimes, alfo placed Numbers, denoting the Angles at the Centers of re- gular Polygons : Thus, againft the Number 5, denoting the Sides of a Pentagon is found 72, the Angle at the Cen- tre of a Pentagon. See Polygon.

Ufe of the Protractor.

1. To lay down an Angle of any given Quantity, or Number of 'Degrees. Suppofe, e.gr. an Angle of 50° with the Line A B, required on the Point 0. Lay the Centre of the Protractor on the given Point, and the Diameter of the Protractor on the given Line; Make a Mark againft the given Degree 50, on the Limb of the protractor 5 thro' which, from the given Point draw a Line op : This gives the Angle required.

2. To find the Quantity of a given Angle: E.gr. the Angle p A 5 lay the Centre of the Protractor on the Point of the Angle, 0, and the Diameter on the Line. The De- greeoftheLimb cut by the other Line op, vi-Z. 50, is the Numberof Degrees of the Angle requir'd.

3. I'oinfcribe any given regular Polygon, e.gr. a Pen- tagon in a Circle. Lay the Centre and Diameter of the Protractor on the Centre and Diameter of the Circle; ml

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