Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/523

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Asd here, the Angle C L S, or C R S, it eall'd the Frof- ti/tpbartjts i by realon it is fometimes to be added, and fometimes to be fubflracted from the mean Motion, that De may have the true Motion or Place of the Earth. See Earth.

The Word is form'd from the Greek iff*, ante fttpe- rans ; and apa i ? not? , ademptio.

PROSTATES, or Prostata, in Anatomy, a white, fpongy, glandulous Body fituate at the Root of the Penis 5 or jutt below the Neck of the Bladder ; and about the Size «f a Walnut. See Gland and Penis.

Authors afcribe two kinds of Subftance to the Froflata, the one glandulous, the other fpongeous, or porous ; which Hit. feems nothing but a Congeries of minute Veffels and Cells ; thro the middle of which paffes the Veficute Semi- nales, without any Communication therewith.

It has excretory Duels of iis own, pretty numerous : De Sraaf does not remember to have known them fewer than ten in the Froflata of a Man ; in Dogs, they are fometimes an hundred ; each of which difcharges itfelf into the Ure- thra ; fome above, fome below the Caput Gallinaceum : Each having its proper Caruncle. See Excretory.

Out of thefe iffues a whitifh, flimy Humour, fecreted in the glandular part of the Froflata, and convey'd into the Cavity of the Urethra.

The Ufe of this 'Humour is to line and lubricate the Capacity of the Urethra, and prevent it from being an- noy'd with the Acrimony of the Urine in its Paffage thro' it ; and to ferve as a Vehicle to the Seed, in the rime of Ejaculation. See Urine, Urethra, S£c.

Some take it for a third kind of Seed ; but without much reafon. See Seed.

Boerhaave thinks it may ferve to nourifh the Animalcule during the firft moments after Coition. — This Humour, he adds, remains after Caftration ; but is not prolific.

The fame Author, from the Memoirs of the French A- cademy, makes the Frojlata to confift of an Aggregate of twelve Glands, each of which terminates by its excre- tory Duct in a little Bag, into which it difcharges its Humour. Thefe twelve Bags open by as many excretory Duels into the Cavity of the Urethra ; fo as to encompafs the Exit of the Vefwnl£ ; whence the Seed and the Humour of the Frojlata are the more accurately mix'd.

PROSTYLE, in the anticnt Greek Architect ure, a Range of Columns in the Front of a Temple. See Temple.

The Word is form'd from the Greek &&, before, and rv*©-, Column.

PROSY LLOGISM, Prosyllocismus, is ufed by fome School-Writers, for a Reafon or Argument produe'd to ftrengthen, or confirm one of the Premifes of a Syllogifm. See Premise.

Others define the Frofyllogifn, an Argument compos'd of two Syllogifms fo difpos'd, as that the Conclufion of the former is the major, or minor of the latter;

As here, e.gr. every Rational isrifible: but every Man is rational, therefore every Man is rifible; but no Afs is ri- fible, therefore no Afs is a Man.

The Major of the fecond Syllogifm may be omitted or underftood ; and fome even contend that it ought to be fo : fo that on their Principle, uProfyllogifm, or redundant Syl- logifm, is when two Syllogifms are fo contain'd in five Propofitions, as that the Conclufion of the former, is the Major or Minor of the latter. See Syllogism.

PROTASIS, in the antient Drama, the firft part of a Comic, or Tragic Piece ; wherein the feveral Perfons of the Flay ate fhewn, their Characters and Manners intimated, «nd the A3 ion, which is to make the Subject of the Piece, propos'd, and enter'd upon. See Drama, Tragedy, tic.

The antient Frotafis might go about as far as our two firft Acts. See Act.

Where the Frotafis ended, the Epitafis commene'd. See Epitasis.

The Word is form'd from the Greek ties-mm, Frotenfw.

PROTATICUS, in the antient Drama, was a Perfon who never appear'd but in the Frotafis, or firft part of the Play ; as Socia in 'terente's Andria, (ic.

PROTECTION, the Shelter, Defence, Authority, and Aid, employ'd by any one in behalf of the helplefs, or un- happy. See Protector.

A&ive ProteBion fuppofes Power, Intereft, Favour, ££c. in the Perfon that protects : Paffive ProteBion, on the contrary, implies Necefllty, Weaknefs, and Dependance in the Perfon protected. See Safeguard.

Protection is alfo ufed for a Privilege belonging to tmbafladors, Members of Parliament, &c. whereby they «nd their Domeftkks are fecur'd from Arrefts, ($c. See Privilege, iSc.

Protection is fometimes alfo underftood of the Perfon ef the Protect or. Such a Card inal has the ProteBion of Trance — The ProteBion of Spain is become vacant by the Death of fuck a Cardinal. 6cs PaoTECToB...

Protection, in Law, has both a general, and a fpeciai Signification.

In the general, it is ufed for that Benefit, and Safety which every Subject; Denizen or Alien, fpecially fecur'd' hath by the Laws. See Law.

In the fpeciai Signification, it is ufed for an Exemption or Immunity, given by the King to a Perfon, to fecure him againft Suits in Law, or other Vexations, upon reafonable Caufes moving him thereunto.

Of this, Fitzherbert makes two kinds; the firft he calls a ProteBion, cum claufula volumus ; whereof he mentions four Particulars.

1*. A Froteclion; quia profeBurus, for him that is to pafs over Sea in the King's Service.

s°, A Froteclion, quia moraturus, for him who is abroad in the King's Service.

3 Q. A Froteclion for the King's Debtor, that he be not fued or atrach'd, till the King be paid his Debt.

4 Q. A ProteBion for a Perfon in the King's Service beyond Sea, or in the Marches of Scotland.

The fecond Form of 'ProteBion, is cam claufula nolnmus, which is moft commonly granted to a fpiritual Company, for their Immunity, from taking their Cattle by the King's Minillers ; but it may be alfo granted to a fingle Perfor, either fpiritual or temporal.

ProteBion extends not 10 Pleas of Dower, guare impedit, Afflze of novel Diffcifin, Darrein Prefentmenr, Attaints, nor Pleas before Juftices in Eyre.

PROTECTOR, a Perfon who undertakes to /helter and defend the weak, helplefs, or diftrefs'd. See Protec- tor and Patron,

God, and the Magiftratc, are the FroteBors of the Wi- dow and Orphan Among the Heathens, Minerva was

efteem'd the 1'roteBrefs of Arts.

Every Catholic Nation, and every Religious Order, has a ProteBor refiding at the Court of Rome, who is a Cardi- nal, and eall'd the CardinatProteBcr. See Cardinal.

The Name is fometimes alfo ufed for a Regent of a Kingdom, made choice of to govern it during the Minority of a Prince.

Cromwell affum'd the Title and Quality of Lord Protec- tor of the Commonwealth of England.

PROTEST, in Law, is ufed for a Caution, or Call of Witnefs, or an open Affirmation that a Perfon does either not at all, or but conditionally, yield his Confent to any Act ; or to the Proceeding of any Judge in a Court, where- in his Jurifdifiion is doubtful ; or to anfwer upon his Oath farther than by Law he is bound.

Any of the Lords in Parliament have a Right to protefl their Diffent to any Bill pafs'd by a Majotity 5 which Pro- tefl is enter'd in form. See Parliament.

This Privilege is faid not to be very antient : The Com- mons have no Right toprotefl.

Protest, in Commerce, is a Summons made by a No- tary Publick to a Merchant, Banker, or the like, to dif- charge a Bill of Exchange, drawn on him ; after his ha- ving refus'd either to accept or pay the fame. See Bill of Exchange.

It is eall'd Protefl, becaufe containing a Proteftation, that the Party will return the Bill, and even take up Mo- ney at Intereft; fand charge all Cofts, Damages, Carriage and Recarriage, on the Refufer.

There are two kinds ofProtefls; the one for want of Ac- ceptance ; the other for want of Payment. See Accep- tance, &c.

The firft to be made by the Bearer of the Bill at the time of prefenting it, in cafe the Perfon, on whom it is drawn, refufe to accept it for the time, or the Sum there exprefs'd The latter is made as the Bill falls due, whe- ther it have been accepted or not. See Acceptance.

The Bearers of Bills of Exchange, that have been ac- cepted, or which become payable at a certain Day, are ob- lig'd to have them either paid or protefted within three Days after Due, on the Penalty of anfwering for theOmiffion; and it muft be obferv'd, that if the third Day happen to be a Holy-Day, the Protefl is to be made on the Eve thereof.

At Paris and Hambourg, the Protefl is to be made with- in ten Days: At Venice, where all Bills are paid in Banco, the Protefl for want of Payment is to be made within fix days; but then the Bank is fuppos'd open, otherwife no Protefl to be made : At Rome, Protefls for want of Pay- ment are to be made within fifteen Days : At Leghorn, Milan, and Boulogne, there is no time fix'd : At Amfler- dam, they are to be made within five Days : At Venice, the third Day.

The Negotiants of fome Places, as thofe of Rome, Mr. Savary obferves, don't look on themfelves as oblig'd to protefl in default of Payment ; but this Opinion is contrary to univerfal Cuftom and natural Reafon : fince, till after Froteflation, they have no Remedy or Refourfe againft the prawer, or E_ndorfer ; nor any Title to be reimburs'd.