Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/515

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tnLw, uliteralProofor Proof w-writing, ispreferable Thefecond, Profrium fecundo modo, is what sore,

to a Teftimonial. The Ordonnance de Moulins excludes all the whole Species, but agrees likewife to another ■ nh ?

Proof by Witneffes for Loans of above ioco Livres. See they call omni fed nonfoli. '

Evidence, Witness, Testimony,^. Thus to have two Feet isproper to a Man, but is likewT

The 'Proof of Crimes was antiently effected among our proper to a Bird. " e

Anceftors, divers ways; viz. by Duel or Combat, Fire, '1 he third Proprium tertiomodo, is that which agre

Water, Sfc. See Purgation, Duel, Fire, Water, to a fingle Species, but not at all times ; omnizi Mi /W„"

i$c. fimfer-. A-

to grow grey, according to Porphyry, is *„ er to a Man, but 'tis to an old Man. ■•

The laft, and higheft, Proprium quarto modo, is lrm which alone agrees to one Kind, to all the Individuals thereof, and atalltimes; omni, fill, £5 femper. Thus ,h e Faculty ol Laughing is proper to Man; of Neighing to Horfes, £fc. And 'tis this that Porphyry calls the true Proper. See Essence, g?c.

The firtt three Species ate only Accidents of the fifth vulgar Predicable, to which they directly belong. See Predicarle.

The fourth is an Univerfal agreeing to every Individual or Sabjefl of Fredication of any Species, in fuch Manner' . as to be always found abfolutely in the Species alone, but ied, and feal'd ; and three days after open'd ; when, if not at every determinate time : Thus Man alone is natu- there be no Marks of the Burn or Scald, the Accufed is de- rally rifible ; not that he is always Laughing, but has the clared Innocent. Faculty of Laughing at all times. See Definition.

In the Kingdom of Sittm, to have Proof of & Crime, the Proper, in refpect of Words, is uiiderttood of theirim- Party is obliged to wafh his Hands in boiling Oil, or to walk mediate and particular Signification ; or that directly and on burning Coals ; from either of which he mull come out peculiarly attach'd to 'em. untouched to be reputed Innocent. In this Senfe the Word Hands oppofed to Figurative and

Sometimes they oblige the two contending Parties to Metaphorical. Sec Figurative i£c. plunge under Water ; and he who flays there longefl, gains Prop er is alfo laxly ufed in a' Moral Senfe, to denote theCaufe: And fometimes to fwallow a Grain of Rice, fomcthing that is ufually found inThings ; as their particular prepar'd and charm'd by their Doctors ; he who is able to or fpecific Virtues, S$c.

In this fenfe we fay. Magnanimity is the proper Virtus

The Proof by red-hot Iron was very frequent : The Accufed, to purge himfelf, was here obliged to make an Oath as he touch'd the Iron. The Formula, Ceremonies, Prayers, &c. made on this Occafion, are ftill extant in the Notes at the end of the Capitularies ofCharlemaign. See Ordeal.

This Cuflom was abrogated by the Emperor Frederic ; but flill obtains in Mingrelia ; as we are told by Lamberti, in his Relation inferted in Thevenot's Voyages.

If they cannot have Proof of a Crime, a Crofs is laid at the bottom of a Caldron full of boiling Water ; out of which the Accufed is obliged to fetch it with his naked Hand and Arm : This done, th« Arm is put up in a Ba fe; " '

of Heroes. See Hero.

The Word is alfo ufed for the natural Qualities neceffiry to fucceed in a thing. In this fenfe we fay, People of gorous Temperament ait proper for the Army;

. hot,

fwallow it, is declared Innocent, and carried home in Tri- umph ; and the Accufer punifh'd.

This looks like an Imitation of what was done among the flews ; to have Proof of Adultery.

The Proof by Combat is likewife faid to fubfift among the Mingrelians. SeeCoMEAT.

PROPAGATION, the A3 of Multiplying the Kind ; or of producing the like in the way of natural Generation. See Generation.

Some Plants are only propagated by Sowing ; as Wheat, Names, which are diftinguiih'd into Proper, a ! Poppies, i£e. The Reafon is, that the Stem in thefe Plants lative. See Noun.

withers and dies away, and confequently is incapable of be- Man is the Appellative, Peter the proper Name. See ing planted : And as to the Root, the whole Force and Appellative.

Effect thereof paffes into the Ear, or Spica, which being "[ha proper Name among Chriftians is that impofed at ufeful part of the Plant, exhaufls the whole. See Baptifm. See Name.

the cold and phlegmatic are proper torStudy. TheRorMiis became lefs proper for War, in proportion as they orcw more learned and polite.

Proper, in Grammar, is a Term apply'd to Nouns, or

th

Seed and Sowing.

Sometimes Plants are propagated by the Roots, as the Anemonies, &c. In which Cafe, there is a confiderable Stock of Seminal or Spermatick Virtue ftill referv'd in the Root, fo as to be in a condition for /hooting new Fibres upon any favourable occafion. See Root.

Sometimes, a Branch lopp'd off, and fet in the Ground, fliall ilioot into a new Plant; as we fee in the Willow, Vine,

Proper Fratlion, is fuch a one as hath its Numerator lefs rhan the Denominator.

Such is J, or -f, which is really lefs than Unity ; and therefore, properly fpcaking, aFraflion. See Fraction.'

Proper, in the Civil Jurif-prudence, is apply'd j n on- pofition to acquired ; for an Inheritance derived by direct or collateral Succeffion. See Goons.

By the French Laws, a Teftator can only difpofe of one

Poplar, &c. And fometimes a^ Truncheon fhall do^the fifth of hisprofer Effefls ; the paternal Relations inherit

'he paternal Propria, and the Maternal the Maternal ones: Sj that Propria always return to the Line whence they proceed.

The Origin of the Law which fixes this difference be- tween Propers, and Acquefls, is not known ; neither the Greeks nor Romans having ever made any fuchdiftinction.

Indeed, it feems founded on this Principle of natural Equity, that Men are ufually defirous to preferve and attach to their Family, the Goods they have received from their Fore-fathers ; and to tranfroit them to thofe defending from the fame Stock.

Proper fometimes, alfo, flands as a Reduplicative, fetving to mark or defign a thing more exprcily and' formally.

In this fenfe we fay, Jefus Chrift came to redeem the World in his proper Perfon. The King did fuch and fuch a thing of his own proper Motion.

PROPERTY, or Propriety, that which conflitutes or denominates a thing proper ; or, it is a particular Virtue, or Quality which Nature has beflow'd on fomethins See Proper. b '

Thus, Colour is a Pn>/e«)> of Light ; Extenfion, Figure, Divifibility, and Impenetrability, are Properties of Body. See Colour, Body, (Sc.

Every Day difcovers new Properties in the Load-ftone. See Magnet.

PROPERTY, or Propriety, in Law, ftrictly fpeak- ing, is the higheft Right a Man can have to a thing ; and fuch as no ways depends on any other Man's Courtefy. See Right.

fame. In this Cafe, the Plants being of a very porous Tex- ture, readily imbibe Nourifhmenr, and take Root. This Method of Propagation is particularly remarkable in the Vine, any part of which put any how in the Ground, will become a Plant. The little Chips of Elm are faid to do the fame. Sec Branch and Planting.

Whena Branch or Arm of a Vine fhoots too great a length, or withers towards the Extreme, or grows too fmall to feed its Grapes,'tis ufual to cut pieces of it off, and put 'em in theGround ; which readily grow into thriving Plants.

Nay, fometimes, to bring up young Plants, and make 'em grow and advance the fader, efpecially Lemon,Orange, and Citron Trees ; they pafs a Branch or Shoot of an old Tree, without cutting it off, thro' an Aperture of a Vcfiel fill'd with good Earth ; upon which, the Pores opening by the Moiilure and Warmth, Roots prefently burfl forth, which being furnifh'd with Food both from the Earth and the parent Plant, grow at a great rate, and are foon in a Condition to be feparated from the Parenr, and fliift for themfelves. See Stock, Dwarf, £5?c.

Lallly, Plants are fometimes, alfo, propagated by Bulbs. See Bolo.

PROPER, fomething naturally, and effentially belong- ing to any Being.

The School-Philofophers, after Porphyry, diftinguifhfour kinds of Propers, or Modes of Propriety ; which are ex- prefs'd in the following Verfe :

Eft Medicus, Sips, Caneficns, Rifibilifque.

Thefirft, calldPROPRiuM/r^^, s whatagree, In this Senfe, none in our Kingdom have the Property of toa&i|leSpec.e s ,buti.ottoalltheIndiv.dual 8! Thisthey any Lands or Tenements, except the King, in Right of his cMfoli fed, ion omm As, to be a Geometrician, a Phyfician, Crown ; all other Lands being of the nature of Fee, and a Dmne, £i°c. which are thmff proper to Man; but not to held of the King either mediately or immediately. See

Fee, King,SJV.

•Pro-

all Men.