Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/509

 PRO

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PRO

Phyficians, is ufed for a Difeafe which foreruns a greater. Thus a Straitnefs of the Brcail is a Prodromus of a Con- fumption, $£c. See Phthisis.

PRODUCING, in Geometry, denotes the continuing^ right Line ; or drawing it out farther, till it have any afiign'd Length. See Line.

PRODUCT, in Atifhmefick and Geometry, the FaSum of two Numbers ; or the Quantity arifing from, or pro- duced by, the Multiplication of two or more Numbers, Lines, &c. into one another. See Factum.

Thus, if 6" be multiply'd by 3, the ProduB is 48. See Multiplication.

In Lines it is always (and fometimes in Numbers) call'd the ReBangle between the two Lines, multiply'd by one another. See Rectangle.

PRODUCTION, in Anatomy, a Continuation, or Pro- cefTus. See Process.

PROEDRUS, in Antiquity. See Epistates.

PROEM, Projemium, a Term antiently ufed for 'Pre- face. See Preface.

PROEMPTOSIS, in Aftronomy, that which makes the New Moons appear a Day later, by means of the Lunar Equation, than they would do without that Equation. See Moon and Equation.

PROFANATION, in Religion, the doing of fomething difrefpeaful to Holy, or Sacred Things. See Profane.

PROFANE, a Term ufed in oppofuion to Holy, Sacred. See Sacred, ££c.

Except Churches, and Church-yards, all places are e- ileem'd Profane.

By the Canon Law, a Sacred Chalice or Cup becomes Profane, by giving it a Blow with an Hammer.

Profane is alfo apply'd in the general to all Perform who have not the Sacred Character, and all Things that don't belong to the Service of Religion. In this fenfe we fay, Zenophon, Seneca, i£c. are Profane Authors. All the Heathen Frieifs, Pontiffs, &c. pafs with us for Profane.

PROPER, in Law, the Time appointed for the Ac- counts of Sheriffs, and other Officers, to be given into the Exchequer; which by Stat. 51 Hen. 3. is to be twice in the Year. See Sheriff and Exchequer.

The Word is form'd of the French proferer, to produce.

We alfo read of Prefers, Anno 32 Hen. 8. in another Acceptation : Trinity-Term fhall begin the Monday next after Trinity- Sunday, whenever it pall happen to fall, for the keeping of the EJfoins, Profers, Returns, and other Ceremonies heretofore in life. In which place, Prefer figni- fies the Offer and En leavour to proceed in an Action, by any Man concern'd fo to do.

Profer the Half Mark. See Half Mark.

PROFESSED Monk, or Nun, one who having made the Vow, is admitted of a Religious Order. See Vow, Monk, and Religious.

In this fenfe the Word is ufed in opposition to Novice. See NovrcEand Probation.

PROFESSION, in the Monaflic Senfe, the entering into a religious Order ; or an Act ion whereby a Perfon offers himfelf to God, by a Vow of ohferving three things, viz. Obedience, Chaflity, and Poverty, which he promifes inviolably to maintain. See Vow, Order, f$c.

This is call'd SanBd Religionis prcfeffio, and the Perfon a Religious profeffed.

Perfons are not admitted to make Profefjion till after a Tear of Probation. See Probation.

PROFESSOR, in the Univerfities, a Doflor, or Regent, who teaches, or lectures publickly, fome Art, or Science, in a Chair eftablifh'd for that purpofe. See Chair.

The Profeffors in Foreign Univerfities, teach the Arts, and have their Claffes of Pupils ; thofe in our Univerfities only read publick Lectures in Term-Time. See Term.

Of Profeffors, we have a great Number ; fome denomi- nated from rhe Arts they profefs ; as Cafuiftical Profejfor, Hebrew Profeffor, Phyfick Profejfor, ^Divinity Profejfor, l£c.

Others from thofe who founded the Profefforfhip, or af- fign'd a Revenue for the Support of the Profejfor; as the Savilian Profeffors of Aftronomy and Geometry, the Lnca- fian Profejfor of Mathematicks, Margaret Profejfor of Di- vinity, Z$c.

PROFILE, in Architeflure, the Figure, or Draught of a Building, Fortification, or the like ; wherein are ex- prefs'd thefeveral Heights, Widths, and ThicknefTes, fuch as they would appear were the Building cut down, per- pendicularly from the Roof to the Foundation ; whence the Profile is alfo call'd the SeBion, and by Vitruvius, Scia- graphy. See Section, &c.

Profile, is fometimes alfo ufed for a Defign, or De- fcription 5 in oppofition to a Plan, oxlchncgraphy.

In which Senfe, Profiles coincide with what we popularly call ProfpeBs.

Profile is alfo ufed for the Contour, or Out-Line of a

Building, or a Member of Architect ure ; as a Bafe a C niche, &c.

Hence Profiling is fometimes ufed for Defigning, or j fcribing the Member with Rule, Compafs, &c.

Profile, in Sculpture, and Painting. A Head, a P or trait, tfc. are faid to be in Profile when they are reptefentei fide-ways, or in a fide-view. As, when in a Portrait, there is but one fide of the Face, one Eye, one Cheek, g?c. /hewn and nothing of the other.

In almoft all Medals the Faces are in Profile. See Me- dal.

PROFLUVIUM, in Medicine, any kind of Flux, or liquid Evacuation ; whence Profiuvium Ventris. a Flux of the Belly, is a Diarrhcea, or Dyfentery. See Flux.

PROFUNDITY, fee Depth.

PROFUNDUS, in Anatomy, a Mufcle, call'd alfo ? er _ forans. See Perforans.

PROGNOSTIC, Prognosis, in Medicine, aconjeftural Judgment of the Event of a Difeafe ; as, e. gr. whetler it fhall end in Life or Death, be long or iliort, mild or m3 , lignant, £S?c. taken from certain Symptoms thereof. See Sign and Symptom.

In all continued Fevers, Morton tells us, a flrong equable Pulfe is a good Prognoftic, and always prefages well, what- ever other threatning Symptoms attend it 5 on the contrary a quick, feeble, intermitting Pulfe is a Prognoftic of Death' how much foever the other Symptoms may flatter. See Pulse.

Hippocrates obferves, that all Predictions and Prognofiics of acute Difeafes are very fallacious ; Ttiemcrbrock, how- ever adds, that in the Plague of Nimmeguen, fixth day Crifes were conflantly found fatal Prognofiics ; alfo to be infected about the new, or full Moon ; Faintings in the be- ginning of the Difeafe, and Palpitations of the Heart, were found deadly Prognofiics ; on the contrary, a Pleurify, and Suppreffion of Stool, were good Prognofiics.

The Word comes from the Greek w^ayvo^rinov.

Prognostic of the Weather, fee Weather.

PROGRAMMA, a Letter fealed with the King's Seal. See Seal.

Programma is alfo a College Term, Signifying a Billet, or Advtrtifement polled ( up, or given into the Hand, by way of Invitation to an Oration, or other College Cere- mony ; containing the Argument, or fo much as isneceffary for the underttanding thereof

Prcgramma's are fent to invite People to affiil at Decla- mations, Dramatic Performances, £5?C-

PROGRESSION, an orderly advancing, or going for- ward, in the fame Manner, Courfe, Tenor, &c.

Progression, in Mathematics, is either Arithmetical or Geometrical.

Arithmetical Progression, call'd alfo Arithmetical Proportion, is a Series of Quantities equidiflant from each other; i e. either increafing, or decreafing by one common Interval or Difference. See Series.

Thus 3, 6, p, 12, 15, 18, iSc make an Arithmetical Progreffion ; becaufe increafing, or differing equally, by 3 : Thusaiioas, 20, 15, 10, and 5, ore in Arithmetical Pro- greffton, decreafing by a common difference, 5.

In every Arithmetical Progreffion, whether increafing, or decreafing, the Sum of the firfl and lafl Term, is equal to the Sum of any two intermediate Terms equidiflant from the Extremes ; as, alfo, if the Number of Terms be uneven to the double of the middle Term.

For Inflance ;

3, 6, s, 12, 15, 18, 11 12, 9, 6, ;

24, 24, 24, 24

Hence, i Q, we find the Sum of any Arithmetical Pro- greffion by Multiplying the Sum of the firft and lafl Terra by half the Number of Terms.

2 . Having, therefore, the firft Term, the Difference, and the Number of Terms given ; the Sum of the Pro- greffionh had by Multiplying thefirftTerm by theNumber of Terms, and to the Product adding the Product arifing from the difference multiply'd into the Semi-difference of the Number of Terms from the Square of that fame Number.

Thus, fuppofe thefirftTerm 3, the Number of Terms 7, and the difference 3 ; the Product of 3 and 7 = 21 being added to the Product «3, of the difference 3 multiply'd into the Semi-difference of the Number of Terms 7, from the Square thereof 49, =21 ; gives 84, the Sum of the Pro- greffion.

3 . The Number of Terms leffen'd by one, being mul- tiply'd by the common Difference, and the firfl Term added to the Product 5 the Sum is the laft Term. Thus in a Pro- greffion