Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/502

 PRI

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PRI

The Black is a factitious Matter, made of the Stones of peaches and Apricots, Bones of Sheeps-feer, and Ivory; all well burnt; beaten, lifted, and mix'd together with Spirit of Wine, and fome times only with Water.

This Black is ufually brought hither ready prepared from Francfort on the Main? whence our Printers call it FrancfortSlack. See Black.

The Oil wherewith they dilute this Black, is Nut-Oil 5 which is boil'd up differently, according to the different Works it is to be ufed in.

They ufually make three Kinds, thin, thick, a.ndfirong$ only differing in the degree of Coclion : The Strong is that ufed in the fineft Works, &G.

To make the Ink, they pulverize the black Stone very carefully, and pafs it thro* a fine Sieve ; then mix it up on a Marble with the proper Oil, by means of a Mullet ; after the fame manner as the Painters do their Colours.

Method of Printing from Copper-Plates.

The Ink being prepared, they take a little Quantity of it on a Kttbber, made of Linnen Hags, ftrongly bound a- bout one another ; and therewith fmear the whole Face of the Plate, as it lies on a Grate, over a Charcoal-fire.

The Plate fufficiently inked, they firft wipe it coarfely over with a foul Rag, then with the Palm of the left Hand, then of the right; and, to dry the Hand, and for- ward the wiping, rub it from time to time on.Wniting.

In wiping the Plate perfectly clean, yet without taking the Ink out of the Engraving, confifts a good part of the Addrefs of the Workman. The French Printers ufe no Whiting, as being detrimental to the Colour of the Ink 5 nor do they lay the Plate on the Grate to warm, till after inking and wiping it.

The Plate thus prepared, is laid on a thick Paper, fitted upon the Plank of the Prefs : Over the Plate is laid the Paper, firft moiflen'd, to receive the Impreffiori ; and over the Paper, two or three Folds of Blanketing, or other Stuff.

Thus difpofed, the Arms of the Crofs are pull'd 5 and by that means, the Plate with its Furniture pafs'd thro be- tween the Rollers j which pinching very Wrongly, yet e- quably, preffes the moiften'ct Paper into the Strokes of the Engraving, whence it licks out the Ink.

Some Works require being pafs'd twice thro' the Prefs, others only once, according as the Graving is more or lefs deep, or the greater or lefs degree of Blacknefs the Print is defued to have.

It muft be obferv'd, that the ftronger, and thicker the Ink is, the ftronger muft the Rollers pinch the Plate i This tempts many of the Workmen to ufe a thinner Oil, in or- der to fave Labour 5 which proves prejudicial to the Im- preffion.

The wetting of the Paper ought to be done two or three days before printing it, to render it the more fupple and mellow : As the Prints are drawn off, they are hung up to dry on Lines, &c,

Laftly, after the Number of Prints defired, have been wrought off from the Plate ; they rub it over with Oil of Olives, to prevent its rufting, and fet it by againft a new Impreffion. If the Strokes of the Graving be perceived full of Ink harden'd therein, in the Courfe of the 'Prim- ing'-, they boil it well in a Lye, e'er the Oil be applyM.

PRIOR, before, fomething that is nearer the beginning, than another to which it is referred. See Prioritv.

Prior, is particularly ufed for a Superior of a Convent of Monks ; or the fecond Perfon, after the Abbot. See Superior and Convent. Triors are either Claujiral f or Conventual. Conventual Priors are the fame as Abbots ; all the dif- ference between them being in Name ; both having the fame Rights ; and both, alike, Governours of Monafteries. See Abbot.

A Claufiral Prior, is he who governs the Religious of an Abbey, or 'Priory, in Commendam 5 fo called, becaufe he has Superiority in the Cloifter, or Monaftery. See Commendam.

His Jurifdi&ion is wholly from the Abbot ; and ends with the Abbot's Death, unlefs he has been elected by the whole Convent. See Claustral.

Conventual 'Priors, are of two kinds, viz. Regular Con- ventual Priors, who govern Religious living in Communi- ty ; and Secular-commendatary-conventual Priors.

Conventual Priors, are obliged to take up the Priefthood within a Year, or at moft two, from the Dates of their Pro- vifion; in default whereof, their Benefices are declared vacant.

Priors muft be twenty-five Years old, e'er they can go- vern the Convent; and twenty, if the Convent be govern'd by another. Grand Prior, ; s the Superior of a large Abbey, where

feveral Superiors are required 5 as in the Abbeys of Clnnv and Fecamp.

In the Monaftery of St.  ihe beginning, or the firft. See Posterior ity.

The principal Modes ^Priority are five, viz,, in refpefr. of_7?»?e; as when we fay, that the Grecian Empire was prior to the Roman ; Nature, as when we fay one is prior to two ; _ Order, 'Dignity, and Caufaliry. Which are fum- med up in the Technical Difrich :

'tempore, Natura, prius Ordhic, die ££ Honors; EffeEto Caufam dicimus ejje pmts.

Priority, in Law, is an Antiquity of Tenure, in com- panion of another lefs anrient. See Tenure. _ To hold by Priority, is to hold of one Lord more an- tiently, than of another; in refp^cl whereof, the Tenant is faid to hold in Pofieriority. See Posteriority.

The Lord of the Priority fhall have the Cuftody of the Body. Crcmp. Jurifd.

PRIORS Aliens, certain Religious, born in France, and Normandy ; Superiours of Religious Houfes, erected for their Country-Folks here in England.

■ Tbefe, Henry N. deeming no good Members for this Land, fupprefs'd ; and their Livings were afterwards given by Henry VI. to other Monafteries, and Houfes of Learn- ing ; but chiefly, as StOW obferves, to the erecf ing of tbofa two famous Colleges, call'd the King's Colleges of Cam- bridge, and Eaton.

PRISAGE, that Share which belongs to the King or Admiral, out of fuch Merchandizes as are taken at Sea, as lawful Prize; which is ufually a tenth part. See Prize.

Prifagium eft jus Prifas capiendi ; vel ipfe atfus.

Prisage of Wines, Butler age, a Cuftom whereby the King challenges out of every Veffcl laden with Wine con- taining twenty Tuns, or upwards; two Turi of Wine, the one before, the other behind the Maft, at his own price - which is twenty Shillings per Tun. See Duty".

This Cuftom varies a little, in various places : At Sof- ton, e.gr. every Bark laden with ten Tuns of Wine, pays 'Prifage.

The Term is now, almoft grown into difufe ; and in lieu of Prifage, the Cuftom is popularly call'd Sutlerage ; be- caufe 'tis the King's chief Butler that receives it. See

BuTLERACE.

PR1SCILLIANISTS, antient Hereticks, who arofe in Spain towards the end of the fourth Century.

The Prifcillianijls were a Branch of the Manichees and Gnofticks. See Gnosticks, &c.

We are at a lofs for their particular Tenets. St. Leo fays, they attributed to Jefus Chrift only a fictitious or ima- ginary Body.

Prifcillia?i, their Leader, was a Lay-man : He was condemn'd with fome Bifhops his Adherents, in a Council at Saragojja, and in another at "Bourdeaux ; but he appeal'd to the Emperor Maximus, and had a hearing at "Treves^ where being convicted of broaching Novelties, he was con- demn'd to death, with feveral of his Followers.

PRISE, or Prize, in Navigation, aVeffel taken at Sea from the Enemies of the State, or from Pirates ; by a Man of War, or a Merchant-man, having Commiffian from the Admiral.

Veffels are look'd on as lawful Prifc, if they fight under any other Standard, than that of the State from whom they have their Commiffion ; if they have no Charter- Party, Invoice, or Bill of Lading a-board them ; if they be loaden with Effects belonging to the King's Enemies, or with Contraband Goods.

Thofe of the King's Subjects recover'd from the Enemy, after having remain'd twenty-four Hours in their hands, are deem'd Prife.

Veffels that rcfufe to ftrike their Sails, after having been fummon'd thereto by the King's Ships ; may be conftrain'd to do it 5 and if they make refiftance, and fight, are lawful 'Prife.

Prise, in our Statutes, is ufed for Things taken of the Subjects by the King's Pourveyors. See Pourveyor.

Spelman defcribes Prifes to- be Corn and other Provifions taken from the Country People, at lower Rates than ordi- nary ; for the Maintenance of the King's Hou/hold, Garri- fons, &c.

Roger de Montealto, who married the Sifter of Hugo de Abeney, claim'd the following Privileges; viz, his Caftle of Rifinge cum Prifis 40 T)ierum, with Prifes of 40 Days : Which Phrafe the fame Author underftandsof the Liberty

of