Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/49

 JO

(4°? )

IR

ibini, was dropped in 169c, and refumed again in 1S92. The Journal of Ferrara, by the Abbot delaTorre, begun and ended in 1 69 1. LaGalcria diMineroa begun in 1696, is the Work of a Society of Men of Letters. Signior A- pojtolo Zeno, Secretary to that Society, begun another Jour- nal'ml'lc. under the Aufpice of the Grand Duke ; it is printed at Venice, and feveral Perfons of Dillincf ion have a band in it. The Fajlt Eruditi dt'Ja Bibliotbeca Volan- te were publi/hed at Parma.

The principal among the Latin Journals is that of Leipfc, under the Title of ABct Eruditorum, begun in 1S82. P. P. Manzani begun another at Parma. The Nova Literaria Maris Baltbici, tailed from I0"p8 to 1708. The Journal of Hambourg begun in 1703. The ABa Literaria ex Manufcrip- tis, and the bibliotbeca Curio] a, begun in 1705, and ended in 1707, are the Work of M. Struvius. M. Kufler and M. Sike in 1697, begun a Bibliotbeca of new Books, and conti- nued it for two Years. The Swifs Journal, called Nova Li- teraria Helvetica was begun in 1702 by M.Scbeucher $ and the AfTa Medica Hafnenfia, publi/hed by .F. Bartholin, make five Volumes, from the Year 1671, to 1679.

There are two Low-Dutcb Journals j the one under the Title of Boockz ahan Europe 5 it was begun at Rotterdam in 1691, by Peter Rabbits, and continued from 1702 to I7u8, by Meffieurs Seivel and Gavern ; the other is by a Phyiician, called Ruitcr, who began in 1710.

The German-Journals of beft Note are the Motmtlichen Un- terredungen, which held from 1680, to itfpS. The Bibliotbeca Curiofa, begun in 1 704, and ended in 1707, bothbyAATere- zel. The Journal of Hannover, begun in 1 700, and con- tinued for two Years by M. Eccard, under the Direction of M. Leibnitz, and was afterwards carried on by others. The Theological Journal, publi/hed by M. Lrfcher, under the Title of Altes and Neues, that is, Old and New. A third at Lelpfic and Prancfort, the Authors Meffieurs IVol- terck, Kranje, and GrofchuRius ; and a fourth at Hall, by M.Turk.

JOURNEY-MAN, from the French Journle, Day or Days-Work, antiently fignified a Perfon who wrought with another by the Day ; tho now by the Statute it ex- tends to thofe likewifc who covenant to work with another in their Occupation or Trade by the Year. JOY. See Pleafure and Pain.

JOYNDER, in Law, is the coupling or joining of two Ferfons in one Action or Suit againit another.

JOYNERY, the Art of working' in Wood, and of fit- ting or affembling various Parts or Members of it toge- ther : The French call it IMnmferie, from Minutaria, fmall Work, by which it is diftingui/h'd from Carpentry, which is converfant in the larger and lefs curious Works.

IPECACUANHA, a little Root, about the Thicknefs of a moderate Quill, brought hither from feveral Places in the Weft-bidies. There are thtee kinds of it, viz. a brown, a grey, and a white one ; the firft is moll efteem- ed in Phyfic ; it is firm, twilled, difficult to break, of a /harp bitter Tailc, and grows in Brazil in the Gold- Mines. The Root of the grey Ipecacuanha, in its Virtue and Colour, is inferior to the former ; it grows at the feet of Mountains, and in Meadows, and other moifl Places. The Spaniards call it Bexugillo. The white Ipecacuanha differs from both the others, not only in Colour, but in Figure too, not being twilled or rugged like them, but ra- ther refembling the Root of white' Dittany. The Ipeca- cuanha is purgative and'aftringent, it is alio a gentle Vo- mitive, and is found one of the bell and fureft Remedies hitherto difcoveredfor a Dyfentery.

IRASCIBLE, a Term in the old Philofophy, applied to an Appetite, or a Part of the Soul where Anger, and the other Paffions that animate us again/1 things difficult or odiousj refidc. Of the eleven kinds of Paffions attributed to the Soul, the Philofophers afcribe five to the Irafcible Appetite ; to wit, Wrath, Boldnefs, Fear, Hope, and Defpair ; the fix others are charged on the concupifcible Appetite, viz. Pleafure, Pain, Defire, Averfion, Love, and Hatred. Plato divided the Soul into three Parts, the rea- fonable, irafcible, and concupifcible Parts. The two lall, according to that Philofopher, are the corporeal and mor- tal Parts of the Soul, which give rife to our Paffions. Plato fixes the Seat of the Irafcible Appetite in the Heart, of the Concupifcible in the Liver, as the two Sources of Blood and Spirits, which alone affeft the Mind.

IRENARCHA, the Name of a military Officer in the Creek Empire; his Bufinefs was to provide for the Peace, Security, and Tranquillity of the Provinces. In Jujlinian's Code 'tis mentioned, that the Irttnarchx are. lent into the Provinces to maintain the public Peace, by punifhing Crimes, and putting the Laws in execution. Be/ides this, there was another lrenarcha in the Cities, to whom be- longed the preferving of Peace, and quelling Sedition a- ™ong the Citizens. This Officer was fometimes called PrrfeBus Urbis. The Emperors Theodofms and Honorius iupprefled the Office of the Irtmrcbx, on account of their

abufing their Trtiir, and diflreffing and perfect-ting tnS People, inffead of maintaining Peace among them. The word is compofed of the Greek epiire, Peace, and xt*ks\ Prince, from « w ~, Command, Office.

IRIS, a Rainbow, occa/ioned by i! Reflection of the Rays of the Sun in a watry Cloud. The word is derived from the Greek e.i'.m, to j'peak, to tell ; as being a Meteor that is fuppofed to foretel Rain. See Rain-bow.

Iris fignifies alfo that fibrous Circle next the Pupil of the Eye : See Eye. It alfo Iignifies thofe changeable Colours, which fometimes appear in the Glaffes of Telefcopes, Mi- crofcopes, &c. which are focall'd from their Similitude to a Rain-bow : as is that colour'd Speftrum, which a Trianr gular Prifmatic Glafs will projecf on a Wall, when placed at a due Angle in the Sun-beams.

IRON, a hard, fufible and malleable Metal, of vaft Ufe in the Affairs of Life. It confilis of an Earth, Salt, and Sulphur, but all impure, ill mix'd and dige/led, which render it extremely liable to ruft. It is the hard- e/1, dryeil, and the mod difficult to melt of all Metals. It may be foften'd by heating it often in the Fire, ham- mering it, and letting it cool of itfelf; and it is harden'd by extinguifhing it in Water. It may be render'd white, by cooling it in Sal Armoniac and Quick-lime. The ftrongell Temper of Iron is fa!d to be that, which it takes in the Juice of flrain'd Worms. A red-hot Iron applied to a Roll of Sulphur, diffolvcs and finks into a fins Dull. Iron has a great Conformity with Copper, and they are not eafily feparated when folder'd together ; whence arifes that uncommon Friend/hip which the Poets feign between Mars and Venus. It has a 'great Conformity, too, with the Loadilone. Robatdt fays, it is itfelf an imperfect Loadilone, and that if it be a long time expofed in a certain Situation, it becomes a real Loadilone ; and men- tions the Iron in the Steeple of Notre Dame at Chartres as an In/lance.

There are feveral kinds of Iron, that have Properties very different from one other. As, 1. Enghfi, which is coarfe, hard, and brittle, fit for Fire-Bars and fuch Ufes. 2. Swedifi, which, of all others, is the bell ufed in Eng- land : It is a fine tough fort, will beft endure the Ham- mer, and is fofteft to file, and in all refpects the beft to work upon. 3. Spanijb, which would be as good as the Swedifh, were it not fubjecf to red-fear, that lsj to crack betwixt hot and cold. 4. German Iron. This kind goes by the Name of Don Square, becaufe it is brought hither from thence, and is wrought into Bars of three quarters of an Inch iquare. This is a coarfe Iron, and only fit for ordinary Ufes. There is another fort ufed for making of Wire, which is the foftc/l and tougheft of all. This is not peculiar to any Country, but is indifferently made wherever Iron is made, tho of the worft fort ; for 'tis the firft Iron that runs from the Mine-Stone, when 'tis melt- ing, and is referved purely for the making of Wire.

Generally fpeaking, the beft Iron is the fofteft and tougheft, and that which, when it breaks, is of an even greyi/h Colour, without any of thofe glittering Specks, or any Flaws or Divifions like thofe feen in broken Antimony.

To give Iron a blue Colour, with a Grind-ftone rub off the black Scurf, then heat it in the Fire, and as it grows hot it will change Colour by degrees; become firft of a. gold Colour, and then of a beautiful blue. Sometimes the Workmen rub a Mixture of Indigo and Salad-Oil on it, while 'tis heating, and let it cool of itfelf.

Square and flat Bars of Iron are fometimes twilled, for Ornament ; and the manner of doing it is this : After the Bar is fquareor flat forged, they give it a flame Heat, or if the Work be fmall, but a blood-red Heat ; and then 'tis eafy to twift it about as much or as little as they pleafe, with the Tongs, Vice, or the like.

The feveral Heats which Smiths give their Iron in working, are, 1. A fparkling or welding Heat, which is ufed when they double up their Iron, or weld two Pieces of Iron together, end to end. 2. A flame or white Heat, which is ufed when the Iron has not its Form and Size, but muft be forged into both. 3. A blood-red Heat, which is ufed when the Iron has already its Form and Size, but wants a little hammering to fmooth and fit it for the File. If the Iron be made too hot, it will red -fear, i.e. break or crackle under the Hammer while 'tis working, between hot and cold. For the Manner of making and preparing Iron, fee Iron-Works. To make Iron into Steel, fee Steel.

IRON-MOULDS are certain yellow Lumps of Earth or Stone, found in Chalk- pits, about the Chiltern in Ox- ford/hire, which are really a kind of indigelled Iron Ore.

IRON-ORES, and Iron-Works. Of thefe we have a great number in moil parts of England, but thofe in the Foreft of Dean in Glocefterfhire are in the moll repute. The Ore is there found in g'reat abundance, differing much in Co- lour, Weight and Goodnefs. The beft, call'd Brufi- Ore, is of a blueiil) Colour, very ponderous, and full of little L 1 11 1 jhining