Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/487

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being prior thereto in refpecl: of Knowledge, or of fuffl- cient Attention to the thing ; the Prepoiition /r<tf exprefting an Anticipation, not fo much of Time, as of Knowledge, and due Attention. SeeEfiROR.

Hence 'Prejudice is alfo call'd among the Schoolmen Anticipation 'prevent a Cognitio, a pre-conceiv'd Opinion, &c. See Judgment, Truth, Fallacy, Sense, ££c. _

PRELATE, an Eccleiiaitical Superior, coniliruted in foroe eminent and fupetior Dignity of the Church. See Dignitary.

Patriarchs, Primates, Archbifhops, Bifhops, Generals of Religious Orders, certain Croiier'dand Mitred Abbots, and even Deans and Archdeacons are ranked among the Number of Prelates.

The Word comes from theZ^///z, PrMatus, of fra and fero.

Prelate of the Garter, is the firft Officer of that Noble Order, and antient as the Inftitution itfelf. See Garter.

William de Edynton, then Bifhop of 'Winchester, was the firlt Prelate at the erection of the Order 5 and it has been continued in that See ever fince.

Tis an Office of great Honour, but has neither Salary nor Fees ; only a convenient Lodging allow'd in W'mdfor- Caftle, and as oft as the 'Prelate comes thither (by the Sovereign's Command) he is to have Court-Livery allow'd far himfelf and Servants.

PRELIMINARY, fomething to be examined, dif- patch'd, or determined, e'er an Affair can be decided, or treated of thoroughly, and topurpofe.

'Preliminaries of Peace take up the greateft part of Treaties. They confift in examining of Powers, Qualities of Princes, Ranks of Ambaffadors, &c.

The Word is form'd from the La-tin, p£, and liraen, ThrcihoW.

PRELUDE, in Mufic, a Flourijh, or an irregular Air which the Mufician plays off-hand, to fee if his Inftrument be in Tune ; and to lead him into the piece to beplay'd.

PREMISES, Premisses, Prjemissje, in Logic, the two firft Proportions of a Syllogifm. Sje Syllogism.

When a Syllogifm is in form 5 the two Premifes being granted, the Concluiion cannot bedeny'd. SeeCoNCLusioN.

The Premifes, fays Chauvin, are properly the parts of the Antecedent of an Argument, when complex 5 and are caXVdPr^miffee, becaufe prcmifed to the Conclusion. See Antecedent, %$c.

Thus in the Argument, Every Man is an Animal, Peter is a Man, therefore Peter is an Animal 5 the Propositions, Every Man, &c. and Peter, &c. are the Premifes. See Proposition.

Premifes are the Principles of our Reafonings ; as being clear, evident, and demonftrarive Proportions, from the relations whereof to one another, we draw or infer new Truths, Propositions, &c. See Reasoning, Principle, Maxim, S?c.

The Premifes are either equal, where neither fuffices alone for the drawing a Concluiion, as in the Inilance above : or unequal, the one major, greater, from which alone the Concluiion is drawn ; the other minor, or left, which only ferves in applying the Antecedent to the Confequent. See Consequent,

In the common Practice of the Schools, however, every Syllogifm, or formal Argument, of what kind focver, is faid to have a Major and a Minor j how equal foever the Premifes may be. See Major and Minor.

Premises, in Law, the Lands, gffo before mentioned in aLeafe, Conveyance, or the like.

PREMON'STRANTES, or Premonstratenses, a Religious Order of Regular Canons inftituted in 1 120. by S. Norbert 5 and thence alfo call'd Norbertines.

The firft Monafiery of this Order was. built by iSorbert. in the Iile of France, three Leagues to the Weil of X&ott j and by him call'd Premonftre, Premonflratum, whence the Order itfelf was denominated ; tho' as to the occaficn of that Name, the Writers of that Order are divided.

The Order was approved by Honorius II. in 11 26. and again by feveral fucceeding Popes. At firft the Abftinence from Flefh was rigidly ofoferved 3 in 1245, Innocent IV. complain 'd of irs being neglected, to a general Chapter 3 in iaSSf, their General, William, procured leave of Pope Nicholas IV. for thofe of the Order to eat Flefh on Jour- nies. In 146c, Pius II. granted 'em a general Permiilion to eat Meat, excepting from Septuagefrma to Eafter.

The Religious of this Order are clothed in white, with a Scapuiary before the Caflock. Out of Doors, they wear a white Cimk and white Hat; within, a little Camail, and a Church a Surplice, &c.

In the firft Monafteries built by Norbert, there were one for Men, and another for Women, only feparated by a Wall. In 11 57, by a Decree of a General Chapter, this Practice was prohibited, and the Women removed out of thofe al- ready built, to a greater diilance from thofe of the Men,

PREMOTION, In the Schools, the A£tibn of God cc-operating with the Creature, and determining him to aft See Predetermination.

Fhyfcal Premotion, according to Alvarez, Lemos,Scc. is a Complement of the acfive Power, whereby itpaifes from the firft Act to the fecond 5 i. e. from a compleat, and next Power, to the Acfion. 'Tis an Influence or participa- tion of the Virtue of the firft Caufe which makes the fe- cond Caufe actually aftive. See Cause;

PREMUNIENTES, in Law, Writs difpatch'd to each Bifhop to call 'em to Parliament, and warning them to bring with them the Deans, and Archdeacons, one Proclor for each Chapter, and two for the Clergy of his Diocefs. See Convocation.

PREMUN1RE, Praemunire, a Term ufed both for an Offence 5 for a Writ granted thereupon 5 and for the Puniihment thereof.

Thefe will all be underflood from one : Antiently, then, the Church of Rome, on pretence of her Supremacy and the Dignity of St. Peter's Chair, took upon her the difpofal of moil of the Biihopricks, Abbies, and other Eccleliafti- cal Benefices of Worth, by Mandates, or Bulls call'd Ex- peBative Graces, and Provifioncs, before they became void, See Provision and Expectative.

Eduvardlll. not brooking fo intolerable an Incroachment, made feveral Statutes againft thofe who drew the King's People out of the Realm, to anfwer to things properly be- longing to the King's Court 5 and another to reilrain the Privilege of the Pope.

The Pontiff, however, flill perfifted in his Preventions; and the flux of People from England to Rome, to fue for them, was as great as ever.

This occafion'd Richard II. to make feveral Statutes of the like Import with thofe of Ed-ward III. particularly one, where he affign'd their Puniihment to be this ; T'hat they Jhould be out of the King's ProteBion, attached by their 'Bodies, i.e. imprifond during Life $ a?zd lofe their Lands, Goods, and Chattels ■> which isiince call'd the Penalty of a Premunire.

Henry IV. made new Statutes againft other Abufes of this kind, not fully c obviated in thofe of his PredecerTbrs ; adding certain new Cafes, and laying on 'em the fame Pe- nalty.

By later Statutes, the fame Penalty is laid on fome other Offenders j as, e.gr. by that r Eliz. on him who denies the King's Supremacy a fecond time. By 13 EUz. on thofe who affert the Pope's Authority, or refufe the Oath of Su- premacy 3 on feditious Talkers of the Inheritance of the Crown j and Juch as affirm the King or Queen to be a Heretic. And by Statute i^Car 2. on thofe who affirm that the Parliament begun November 1640, is not yet diffol- ved ; or that there is any Obligation in an Oath or Cove- nant, &c. to endeavour a Change of Government either in Church or State ; or that the Houfes of Parliament have a legislative Authority without the King.

The Word Pr.emunire is now chiefly ufed for the Puniih- ment appointed by the Statutes above-mentioned : Thus when 'tis faid, a Man for an Offence, Jball incur a, Premu- nire, 'tis meant he fhall incur the Penalty appointed by the Statute 16 Rich. 2. commonly call'd the Statute of Premunire.

The Word is a Corruption of the Latin, Fr£monere,<\.i&„ to forewarn, or bid the Offender take care 3 of which a Reafon may be drawn from the Words of the Statute 27 Ed-w. 3. and the Form of the Writ, Fr&munire facias prtS- fatum pr<epofitum, & J, R. procurator em, &c. quod tunc fmt coram nobis.

PRENDER, in Law, (from the French, prendre, to take) a Power or Right of taking a thing before it is offer'd. It lies in Render, but not in Prender. Coke's Rep. ipart. Sir John Peter's Cafe.

Prender de Saron is anException'to difablea Woman from purfuing an Appeal of Murther againft the Killer of her former Husband 5 taken from her having married a fecond. See Appeal.

PRENOTION, Frtenotio, or Pr£cognhio, a Notice, or ' piece of Knowledge preceding fome other, in refpecf of time. Such is the Knowledge of the Antecedent ; which muft precede that of the Concluiion. See Notion, Know- ledge, &c.

PREPARATION, Prtparatio, or Apparatus, in Ma- thematics, one of the Parts or Branches oi a Demonftration. See Demonstration.

If it be a Propofition in Geometry, the Preparation con- fids in fome Lines to be drawn in the Figure ; if a Propo- rtion in Arithmetic, in fome computation to be made to come the more eafily at the Demonftration.

Preparation, in Chymiftry and Pharmacy, is ufed for the feveral Manners of managing the Materia Medica, and of difpofing it to fetve the feveral purpofes.

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