Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/456

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their Metals before Gilding, and the Blood Stone to give them the bright Polilh after Gilding. See Gilding.

The Polijher ufed by the Makers of Spurs, Bits, &c. is

part Iron, part Steel, and part Wood The Inftrument

confifts of an Iron Bar, with a wooden Handle at one End, and a Hook at the other, to fallen it to another Piece of Wood held in the Vice, while the Operator is at Work. In the Middle of the Bow, within fide, is what they pro- perly call the Poli/lier, which is a triangular Piece of Steel with a Tail, whereby it is riveted to the Bow.

What the Cutlers call their Poliftiers, are a kind of wood- en Grindftones (if we may be allow'd the Word) made of Wallnut-tree, an Inch thick, and of a Diameter at Plea- fure. They are turn'd by the Great Wheel; and 'tis on thefe they polilh and fmooth their Works with Emery and Putty.

The Polifiers ufed in the Manufactures of Glafs are very

different from all thefe They confift of two Pieces of

Wood, the one flat, cover'd with old Hat; the other long and half round, is faften'd on the former, whofe Edge it exceeds on both Sides by fome Inches, which ferve the Workman to take hold of, and to work it backwards and forwards by. See Glass.

The Polilhers ufed by Spectacle-Makers are Pieces of Wood a Foot long, feven or eight Inches broad, and an Inch and half thick, cover'd with old Caftor-Hat, whereon they polifh the Shell and Horn Frames their Spectacle Glafles are to be fet in. See Spectacle.

POLISHING, the Art of giving a Glofs, Luftre, or Brillant to a thing, particularly a precious Stone, Marble, Glafs, Mirror, or the like. See Lustre, Crc.

Polishing of Glares, Lens's, drc. fucceeds the Grinding thereof. See Grinding; lee alfo Glass, Lens, &c.

The PoliJIiing of a Mirror is the laft Preparation given it, with Emery or Putty. See Mirror.

For the Polijbing of Diamond', &c. fee Diamond, &c.

POLITICAL, fomething that relates to Policy or Ci- vil Government. See Policy and Government.

In this Senfe we fay, Political Interefls, Political Views, Political Difcourfes, &c.

The Word is form'd from the Greek vms, Civitas, City.

Political Arithmetick is the Application of arithmeti- cal Calculations to PoliticalUks; as, the publick Revenues, Number of People, Extent and Value of Lands, Tax:s, Trade, Commerce, Manufactures, or whatever relates to the Power, Strength, Riches, 0-c. of any Nation, or Common- wealth. See Arithmetics

The chief Authors who have attempted Calcula uns of this Kind, are Sir William Petty, Major Grant, D>-. H ley, Dr. Davenant, and Mr. Kim ; and the principal Points fet- tled by each hereof are as follows.

According to Sir William Potty's Computations, tho' the Land of Holland and Zealand be n ^ ah ve 1000000 Acres, nor that of France lefs than 80,00000, yet the former

are near a third Part as rich and ftiong as the latter.

That the Rents of Lands in Holland are to thofe in France,

as 7 or 8 to 1 That the People of Amlterdam are \ of

thofe of Paris or London; which, according to him do not differ above a 20th Part from one another That the Va- lue of the Shipping of Europe is about Two Millions of Tuns, whereof the Englifli have 500000, the Dutch 900000, the French 100000; the Hamburghers, Danes, Swedes, and Dantzjckers have 250000; and Spain, Portugal, Italy, &c. about as much. — That the Value of Goods exported yearly from France into all Parts, is quadruple of that exported into England alone, and confequently in all about 5000000 : What is exported out of Holland into England is worth 300000 /. and what is exported thence into all the World 1 8000000 /.—That the Money yearly raifed by the French King, in Time of Peace, is about 6 i Millions Sterling; And that the Monies railed in Holland and Zealand are a- bout 2100000/. And in all the Provinces together about 3000000/ — That the People of Englandzxz about 6000000, and their Expences at jl.per Annum a Head, 42000000/. or Soooco /. a Week. — That the Rent of the Lands is about 8 Mil- ions, and the Interefts and Profits of the perfonal Eftates as much.— The Rent of Houfes in England 4000000/. That the Profits of the Labour of all the People is 26000000 /. yearly— That inlreland the People amount to about 1 200000— That the Corn fpent in England, at 5 s. the Bulhel for Wheat, and 2 s. 6d. for Barley, amounts to Ten Millions per Annum.— That the Navy of England (then) required 36000 Men to man it, and other Trade and Shipping about 48000.— That in Frame, to manage the whole Shipping Trade, there are re- quired 1 5000 Men. That the whole People of France are about Thirteen Millions and a half; and thofe of England, Scotland, and Ireland, together, about Nine Millons and a half.— That in the three Kingdoms are about 20000 Church- men ; and in France above 270000. That in the Domi- nions of England above are 40000 Seamen, and in France not above 10000.— That in England, Scotland, and Ireland, mi all other Dominions, depending thereon, there was then

about 60000 Ttin of Shipping ; which is worth about Fou'i;

Millions and a half in Money That the Sea-Line round

England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the adjacent Ifles, is a- bout 3800 Miles.— That in the whole World are about 30CJ

J ?? S °, f. Pe °P le ; whereof thofe with whom the Englifi) and Dutch have any Commerce, are not above 80 Millions.


 * That the Value of Commodities traded for in the whole

is not above 45000000. That the Manufaaures exported out of England amount to about 5000000/. per Annum. Lead,

Tin, and Coals to 500000 /. per Ann. That the Value

of the French Commodities (then) brought into England did not exceed 1200000/. per Ann — That the whole Cafh of England, in current Money, was then about 6000000/. Ster.

Dr. Davenant gives fome good Reafons, why many of Sir Wm. Potty's Numbers are not to be entirely depended up- ton ; and therefore advances others of his own, founded on the Obfervations of Mr. Greg. King.

Some of the Particulars are,— That the Land of England is 39 Millions of Acres.— That the Number of People, ac- cording to his Account, is about 5545000 Souls, they increafing about 9000 every Year, Allowances being made for Plagues, &c. Wars, Shipping, and the Plantations.-: The People of London he reckons at 5 30000. Thofe in the other Cities and Market- Towns in England 870000, and

thofe in the Villages and Hamlets at 4100000 The year^

ly Rent of the Land he accounts to be 10,000000/.— That

of the Houfes and Buildings 2,000000/. per Ann The

Produce of all Kinds of Grain he reckons to be worth

9>O75°°0/. in a Year moderately plenty.. The Rent of

the Corn Lands annually, 2,000000/. and the neat Produce

above 9,000000/. The Rent of the Pafture, Meadows,

Woods, Forefts, Commons, Heaths, &c. 7,000000/

The annual Produce by Cattle, in Butter, Cheefe, and Milk,

he thinks, is about 2,500000 /. The Value of the Wool

yearly (horn about 2,000000 /.— Of Horfes yearly bred about 250000 /.—Of the Flefh yearly fpent as Food,abou't 3 ,3 50000 /. —Of the Tallow and Hides about 600000 /.—Of the Hay" yearly confumed by Horfes about 1,300000/. Of Hay con- fumed by other Cattle 1,000000/.— Of the Timber yearly fell'd for Building, 500000 /.Of the Wood yearly fpent in

Firing, &c. about 500000/ The Land of England to its

Inhabitants is now about 7 | Acres per Head The Value

of the Wheat, Rye, and Barley, neceffary for the Suftenancs of England, amounts to at lead 6,000000 /. Sterl. per Annum. — The Value of the Woollen Manufacture made here is a- bout 8,000000/. per Annum; and our Exports of all Kinds of the Woollen Manufacture amount to above 2,000000/. per Ann.— The annual Income of England, on which the whole People live and fubfift, and out of which Taxes of all Kinds

are paid, is now about 43,000000/ that of Franca

81,000000.'. and that of Holland 18,250000/.

Major Grant, in his Obfervations on the Bills of Morta- lity, computes that there are 39000 fquare Miles of Land in England. — That in England and Wales there are 4,600000 Souls. — That the People of London are about 640000 ; one fourteenth Part of the People of England.- That in Eng- land and Wales are about 10,000 Parifhes.— That there are 25 Millions of Acres in England and Wales ; viz. about 4 Acres to every Head.— That but 64 out of too of the Chil- dren born, are living at 6 Years old.— That but 40 of 100, are alive at 16 Years End. — That but 25 of 100 at 26 Years End.— That but 16 at 36 Years End. — That but 10 out of 100 at 46 Years End.— That but 6 out of 100 at 56 Years End. — That but 3 out of 100 at 66 Years End. And that but 1 out of 100 at 76 Years End And that London dou- bles itfelf in about 64 Years.

Sir William Petty, in his Difcourfe about Duplicate Pro- portion, further tells us, that it is found by Experience, that there are more Perfons living between 16 and 26 than of any other Age ; and laying down that as a Suppofition, he infers, That the fquare Roots of every Number of Mens A- ges under 16 (whofe Root is 4) fhews the Proportion of the Probability of fuch Perfons reaching the Age of 70 Years.

Thus, It is 4 times more likely, that one of 16 Years Age lives to be 70, than a Child of one Year old.— It is thrice as probable, that one of 9 Y'ears lives to be 70, as fuch a new-born Child, &c— That the Odds is 5 to 4, that one of 25 dies before one of 16 Years.— That it is 6 to 5, (ftill as the fquare Roots of the Ages) that one of 36 Years old dies before one but of 25 Years of Age. And fo on according to any declining Age to 70, compared with 4. 6: which is nearly the Root of 21, the Law- Age.

Dr. Halley has made a very exact Eftimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, from curious Tables of the Births and Burials, at the City of Brejlau, the Capital of Silefia ; with an Attempt to afcertain the Price of Annuities upon Lives. — From a Table which he has calculated thence, publilh'd in the Phil. Tranf. he derives the following Ufes.

1°. To find in any Multitude or Body of People, the Propor- tion of Men able to bear Arms; which he reckons from 18 to 36 Years old ; and accounts about £ of the whole.— 2. To (hew

the