Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/420

 PI L

( **S )

E I t

sgj'mft their Sides, the Projective may be a Quarter of their Diameter. See Projecture.

2° Pilafiers are but feldom diminilh d, when they have on- ly one Face out of the Wall.-— Indeed where they ftand in the fame Line with Columns, and the Entablature is con- tinued over both, without any Break, the Pilafiers are to have the fame Diminution with the Columns ; that is to fay, on the Face reflecting the Column', the Sides being left without any Diminution.

3° Pilafiers are fometimes fluted, tho' the Columns they accompany be not; and, on the other hand, the Columns are fometimes fluted, when the Pilafiers that accompany them are not.

Trje Flutings of Pilafl ers are always odd in Number, ex- cept in half Pilafiers., meeting at inward Angles; where four Flutings are made for three, &c. See Fluting.

4" The Proportions of the Capitals of Pilafiers, are the fame as to Height with thofe of Columns, but differ in Width, the Leaves of the former being much wider, be- caufe Pilafiers, tho' of equal Extent, have only the fame Number of Leaves for their Girt, viz. Eight.— Their uliial Difpolition is to have two in each Face, in the lower Row, and in the upper Row one in the middle, and two halves

in the Angles, in the Turns whereof they meet Add to

this, that the Rim of the Vafe or Tambour is not ftrait as the lower Part is, but a little circular and prominent in the middle. See Capital, &c.

In Pilafiers that fupport Arches, the Proportions, Palla- dia Ibews, muft be regulated by the Light they let in •, and at Angles, by the Weight they are to fullain. For which Reafon, fays Sir Henry Wotton, a ruftic Superficies belt be- comes them.

Pil a ST e k-Brkk. See Brick. PILCHARD Fifliing. See Pilchard Fishing. PILE, in Antiquity, a Pyramid built of Wood, where- on were laid the Bodies of the deceafed, to be burnt. See BnstBif, fee alfo Funeral, Burning, &c.

Pile is alfo uied in Building, for great Stakes ramm'd in- to the Earth for a Foundation to build upon in marfhy Ground. See Foundation', fee alfoPALLincATioN.

Amfierdam, and fome other Cities are wholly built upon Piles. The Stoppage of Dagenham-Brezch is effected by Dove-tail Piles, i. e. Piles mortais'd into one another, by a Dove-tail Joint. See Dove-Tail.

Pile is alio ufed, among Architects, for a Mais, or Body, of Building.

Pile, Pila, in Coinage, is the Punchion, or Matrice, which, in the old way of coining with the Hammer, con- tained the Arms, Crofs, or other Figures and Infcriptions, to be ftvuck for the Reverfe of the Species. SeeCoiNandSpEciES. Accordingly we ftill call the Arms Side of a Piece of Money, the Pile, and the Head the Crofs ; becaufe in the ancient Monies, a Crofs ufually took the Place of the Head in ours. See Coining.

Hence the Game of Crofs and Pile. Some will have it ca I I'd Pile, Pila, becaufe on this fide, in our ancient Coins, there was an Imprellion of a Church

built on Piles. In fome ancient Writings Pila is ufed to

fignify the particular Figure or Imprefflon of Money.

Thus Fleta ; He who bring an Appeal of Robbery, or Theft, againfi another, muft Jbew the certain Quantity, Quality, Price, Weight, Number, Meafure, Value, and Pile.

Pile, in Heraldry, an Ordinary, in form of a Point in- verted, or a Stake iharpen'd ; contracting from the Chief, and terminating in a Point towards the Bottom of the Shield, fomewhat in manner of a Wedge.

It is form'd probably in Imitation of the Roman Pilum, which was a tapering Dart about five Feet long, and fhar- pen - it the Point with Steel.

The Pile is born inverted, engrailed, Ore. like other Ordinaries, and iffues indifferently from any Point of the Verge of the Efcut-

cheon He beareth a Pile Gules, by the

Name c/Chandois.

Pills, in Medicine, a Difeafe, by Phyfi- cians, call'd Hemorrhoids. See Hemor- rhoids. . ■

P1LF.TTUS, in our ancient Forelt Laws, Et quod tore- Hart, fui iron portabunt fagittai barbatas fed pilettos. Charta Roger, de Ouincy: where the Word imports fuch Arrows as had a round Knob a little above the Head, to hinder them from going far into the Mark ', from the Latin Pila, which (Unifies any round thing like a Ball. "PILGRIM, P E L g R I M, of the Teutonic Pdgram, the Trench Pelerin, or the Italian Pelerigno, of the Latin Pere- grima one who travels thro' foreign Countries to vifit holy Places, and to pay his Devotion to the Reliques of dead Saints. The Humour of going on Pilgrimage anciently prevail d exceedingly ; particularly about the Time of the Croilades, See Croisade andCROisE.

Several of the principal Orders of Knighthood were eita- blifh'd in Favour of Pilgrims going to the Holy Land, to k-_

cure them from the Violences and Infults of the Saracen* and Arabs, fee. fuch as the Order of the Knights Templar s t the Knights Hofpitallers, Knights of Malta, &c. See Order , Templar, Malta, &c.

PILLAGE, among Builders, is fometimes ufed for a fquare Pillar, ftanding behind a Column to bear up the Arches ; hiving a Bafe and Capital as a Pillar has. See Pillar.

PILLAR, in Architecture, a kind of irregular Column, round and inhibited', deviating from the Proportions of a juft Column. See Column.

Pillars are always either too maffive or too [lender for a regular Architecture. In effect, Pillars are not reftrained to any Rules; their Parts and Proportions are arbitrary.

Such e. gr. are the Pillars which fupport Gothic Vaults and Buildings, &c.

A fquare Pillar is a maffive Work, call'd alfo a Peer or Piedroit, ferving to fupport Arches, &c. See Peer and P I E d r o I T.

Butting Pillar is a Buttrels, or Body of Mafonry, raifed to prop or fuftain the Shooting of a Vault, Arch, or other Work. See Buttress.

P i l l a r, in the Manage, fignifies the Centre of the Vol- ta, Ring, or Manage-Ground, round which a Horfe turns ', whether there be a wooden Pillar placed therein or not.

There are alfo other Pillars in Manages on the Circumfe- rence or Side ; placed at certain Diftances by two and two.

To diftinguifh thefe from that of the Center, they are

called the two Pillars.

When thefe latter are fpoken of, it is ufual to fay, Work

the Horfe between the two Pillars. When the former, it is

call'd, working round the Pillar.

The Ufe of the Pillar in the Center, is for regulating the Extent of Ground, that the Manage upon the Volts may be perform'd with Method and Juftnefs ; and that they may work in a Square by Rule and meafure upon the four Lines of the Volts; and alfo to break unruly high mettled Horfes, without endangering the Rider.

The tm Pillars are placed at the Diftance of 2 or j Pa- ces the one from the other. — —The Horfe is put between thefe, to teach him to raife before, and yerk out behind; and put himfelf upon rais'd Airs, &c. either by the Aids or Chaftifement.

PILLE of Foddray, orPlLL of Fouldrey, in the County of Lancafter, a Defence built on a Creek of the Sea, call'd Pille, by the Idiom of the County, for a Pile or Fort built for the Safe-Guard or Protection of any Place.

This Pile was erected there by the Abbot of Forneffe, in the firft Year of Ediv. HI. Camb. Brit. Rex Dedimus Hen- rico Comiti Northumb. Infulam, Caftrum, Pelam & Dominium de Man, &c. Rot. Pat. I Hen. IV.

P 1 1 LO RY was anciently a Poft erected in a crofs Road, by the Lord, as a Mirk of his Seigniory, with his Arms on it, and fometimes a Collar to tie Criminals to.

At prefent, Pillory is a wooden Machine, whereon certain Criminals, as Perjurors, &c. are faftened, and expofed to the publick Derifion. See Punishment, Perjury,' C~c.

In the Laws of Canut.it) 'tis called Healfehang. Sir Hen- ry Spelman fays 'tis fupplicii machina ad ludibrium, magis quam pcenam.

'Twas peculiarly intended for the Punilhment of Bakers who fhould be caught tripping in the Weight or Finenefs of

their Bread. In old Charters it is called Collifirigium. See

Coll i s t r i g i u m.

The Pillory in Paris is in the middle of a round Tower,

with Openings on every fide 'Tis moveable on an Axis,

or Arbor; round which the Executioner gives the Criminal the Number of Turns appointed in Court ; flopping him at each Opening to fiiew him to the People. 'Twas in- tended for feveral Kinds of Criminals, particularly frau- dulent Bankrupts; and all who made a Certion, or Sur- render of their Effects to their Creditors, were obliged to make fome Turns round the Pillory on Foot with a green Cap on. See Bankrupt, Cession, &c.

PILLULA, Pill, in Pharmacy, a Form of Medicine, taken dry; refembling a little Ball; invented in favour of fuch as cannot a-way with Medicinal Draughts ; as alfo to keep in Readinefs for occafional Ufe without decaying.

Pills are of various Kinds, Anodyne, Somniferous, Laxa- tive, Aperitive, Hyfteric, Antinephritic,f>f. but principally Cathartic.

The Bafisof Pills is ufually Aloes', with which are mix'd Agaric, Turbith, Hermodactyls, Senna, Rhubarb, Mercu : ry, Sto:ax, 0-c.

Perpetual Pills, PilluU perfetute, areRegulus of Antimony made up into Pills; thus call'd, becaufe being fwallowed and voided 50 times, they will purge every Time with undimi- nilb'd Force. See Antimony.

The Aloephangine or Aromatic Pills of Mefue, are ufually call'd Polychrejles, as being fuppofed to collect the Humours from all Parts, to enable Nature to cafl 'em out more eafily.

9 X Bechic