Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/409

 P H I

( 802 )

P H I

That Reformer having ftrenuoufly oppos'd the Ubiquips, Now Mercury lias ever fome Impurities in it ; and thofe

who arole in his Time ; and the Difpute growing Hill hotter Impurities are lighter than Mercury. Cou'd thole be purged

after his Death: The Univerfity of Wirtemberg, who cfpoufed quite out, as it does not appear impoffible but they mightj

Mltmchthon's Opinion, werecall'd by the Bacchus, who at- Mercury wou'd be as heavy as Gold; and what is as heavy

tacked it. Wlipptfis. See Ubicjuist. as Gold is Gold, or at leaft is very eafily made Gold. See

PHiLlZERS,orF I LA^ R s,OScersintheN"//?TrasOf- GoLr,.

fice who make out all Procels upon Original Writs, (which are 1 he third Method is, that ot Tranfmuting ; or of turning

rifade out by the Curfitors, fuch as Capias, alias, & pares, of all Metals readily into pure Gold, by melting 'em in the

SSc ) and to whom the original Writs are brought after returned Fire, and calling a little Quantity of a certain Preparation in-

bv the Sheriff, as well for their Warrants in fuing out fuch to the tuied Matter ; upon which, the Faces immediately re-

Capias &. on them, as for them to fill with the Cups Sre- tire, are volatiliz'd and burnt, and fo carried off; and the

■ vri ' SeeFiLAzERS. reft of the Mafs turn'd into pure Gold. Now, that which

It is to be obferved, that the Subjedl cannot bring any Ac- works this change in the Metals is call'd the ■Pbilofopbers-

tion in this Court by original in Debt, but muft proceed by Jtone See Transmutation.

Bill ■ and where an Action is brought in this Court by On- Whether this third Method be poflible or not is very hard

sinal ifthe Defendant for Delav,'or thro' any Mif-entry, or to fay. We have fo many Teftimonies of Perfons, who on all

rrhftake in the Proceedings or Return of Procefs, is advis'd to other Occafions fpeak perfect Truth, that 'us fomewhat hard

bring a Writ of Error; the Writ of Error muft be returnable in to fay they lye in this, that they havebeen-Mafters of of the Parliament, and not in the Exchequer-chamber, as are other Writs of Error upon Actions which are brought in this Court

by Bill.

'pHILO, a Term originally Greet:, form'd of *ia«, amicus, Friend, Lover ; ufed in Compofition in feveral Words in our Language. As,

PHILO-ELTJTHERUS, ixsi/a p»<, M>er, free.

PHILOLOGY, a Science, or rather Aflemblage ot leve- ral Sciences, confining of Grammar, Rhetorick, Poetry, An- tiquities, Hiftory, and Criticifm.

'Pbikugy, is a Kind of Univerfal Literature, conver

Secret. All required is to do that by Art which Nature does in many Years and Ages. For Lead and Gold do bur differ lit- tle in Weight. Therefore there is not much in Lead befide Mercury and Gold. Now, if I had any Body which wou'd fo agitate all the Parts of Lead, as to burn all that is not Mer- cury therein ; and had fome Sulphur to fix the Mercury ; Lover of Liberty ; of piVcj and wou'd not the Mafs remaining be converted into Gold ? There is nothing in Nature fo heavy as Lead ; Gold and Mercury only excepted. 'Tis evident, therefore, there is fomething in Lead that comes very near to Gold. But in Lead there is fome heterogeneous Matter independent both of Mercury and Gold. If now 19 Ounces of Lead be diflblved by the Fire,

fant about all the Sciences, their Rife, Progrefs, Authors, and 8 Ounces be thus deftroyed ; we fhall have good Gold ;

iyc. See Literature. the Ratio of Lead to Gold being as 11 to 19. If then the

Phikkgy makes what the French call the "Belles lettres. 'Phikjophers-fione can purify the mercurial Metal in Lead, fo

Antiently, 'Pbikkgy was only a part of Grammar. See as nothing fhall remain but the pure mercurial Body; and you

Grammar can fix and coagulate this, by means of Sulphur; out of 19

Eratojibenes, Library Keeper at Alexandria, was the firft Ounces of Lead you will have 11 of Gold. Or, if you re-

who bore the g'ay Title of 'Phikkgus, according to Suetonius ; duce the Lead from 1 1 to 14, you will then have converted it

or that of Crttick, according to Clemens Akxandrinus. He into Mercury; and if you further purify this Mercury from

lived under Ptolomy 'Philadelphia, and died in the 146th 14 to 1 9 you will have Gold ; provided you have but a Sul-

Olymt-iad. See Criticism. phur to fix and coagulate it withal. Such is the Foundation

The Word is form'd from the Greek piAm, and aSj>«, Lover of the 'Phihfopbers-Jlone ; which the Alchymifts contend to be

of Difcourfe or Words. a moft fubtile, fix'd, concentrated Fire, which ailoon as it

PHILOMATH, Philomathes, a Lover of the Mathe- melts with any Metal, does by a magnetick Virtue immediately

maricks &c. See Mathematics. unite itfelf to the mercural Body of the Metal, volatilizes and

PHILONIUM, in Pharmacy, an Opiate, whereof there cleanfes off all that is impure therein, and leaves nothing but

aretwoKinds; the Roman and the 'Peijian Phiknium. See a Mafs of pure Gold. See Elixir, Metal, Mercury, l£c. Opiate. Philosophers 1"ree, a Chymical Preparation, call'd alfo

The Roman, call'd alfo the great 'Philonium, took its jl r bor Diante, IJiana's'Tree. See Diana's Tree. Name from the Phyfician phih who invented it. It confifts PHILOSOPHICAL, fomething that relates to Tbilfophy'i

of the Seeds of Jufquiamus, Poppy, and other Ingredients. 'Tis ufed to promote Sleep, againlt Colds, Colicks, iyc.

The 'Perjian Philonium confifts of feveral Ingredients, amon? which are Opium, Terra figillata, Lapis Hematites, Calta, and Saffron. 'Tis ufed to ftop Hemorrhages, Dy- fenveries, He m. . „ r

PH1LOPATOR, m Antiquity, a Title, or Sur-namc, at- fumed by feveral of the Kings of Egypt and Syria.

<Ptokmy 'Phikpator (nceeded 'Ptolomy Evergetes ; and had for his Succeffor 'Ptokmy 'Philometer. See Evergetes.

The Syrians 1

See Philosophy and Philosopher. Thus we fay a 'Phikfiphical Thefis, ciple, a 'philosophical Definition, ci?c

Pbilofophical Prin-

Philosophical Month. Philosophical I'ree. Philosophical 'Transactions. t

r Menstruum. ,See)TREE.

^Transactions.

Philosophical Egg, among the Chymills, is a thin Glafs Veffel, or Bubble, of the Shape of an Egg ; with a long Neck, ad their Seleucus 'Phikpator, Antiochus 'Phi- or Stem ; ufed in Digeftions. See Digestion. lopator Sa. PHILOSOPHIZING, the Aft of confidering fome Objeft

PHILOSOPHER, a Perfon well verfed in 'Phikfophy ; of our Knowledge ; examining its Properties, and the Phasno- or who makes Profeffion of, or applies himfelf to the Study mena it exhibits ; enquiring into their Caufes or Effects, and of Nature and Morality. See Philosophy.

'. The Sects of 'Phikjbphers are very numerous ; ,and their Dogmata, or Tenets very contradictory. See Sect.

Belmont and fome of the Chymifts denominate themfelves 'Philosophers by Fire. See Chymistry.

the Laws thereof: the whole conducted according to the Na- ture and Reafon of Things; and directed to the Improvement of Knowledge.

The Rules of •Phikfifbming, Regule <Phikfophandi, as (labhfh'd by Sir J\aac Newton, are ; 1. That no more Caufes"

The Alchymifts and Adepti are frequently denominated of a natural Effect be admitted than are true, and fuffice to

the Phlkfopbers by way of Eminence. See Alchymist, SSc account for the Phenomena thereof. — This agrees with the

PHILOSOPHERS Stone, the great Object of Akhy- Sentiments of moft Philofophers, who hold that Nature docs

tny is a long fought -for Preparation, which fhall tranf- nothing in vain; and that it were vain to do that by many

mute impurer Metals, as Tin, Lead, and Copper into Gold things which might be done by fewer,

and Silver. See Transmutation. 2. Natural Eft'efls, therefore, of the fame Kind, proceed

There are three ways whereby the Alchymifts have at- from the fame Caufes. Thus E. gr. the Caufe of Refpira-

temptcd to arrive at the making of Gold : The firft by Sepa- tion is one and the fame in Man and Brute ; the Caufe of

ration ■ for every Metal yet known, contains fome Quantity of the Defcent of a Stone, the fame in Europe as in America ;

Gold :'Only, in moft, the Quantity is fo little that it wont the Caufe of Light the fame in Culinary Fire, and in the Sun ;

defray the Expencc of getting it out.— The fecond by Matli- the caufe of Reflection the fame in the Planets as the Earth.

ratkn- for the Alchymifts hold Mercury to be theBafisand 3. Thofe Qualities of Bodies which are not capable of be-

Matter'of all Metals ; that Quickfilver purg'd from all hetero- ing heighten'd, and remitted, and which are found in all Bo-

seneous Bodies wou'd be much heav er, denfer and Ampler dies where Experiments can be made; muft be look'd on as

than the Native Quickfilver ; And that by fubtilizing, and univerfal Qualities of all Bodies. See Quality.

purifyino and digefting it with much Labour, and long Ope- Thus the Extenfion of Body is only perceiv'dby our Senfes,

i'.-. _. :. _„., ka ™w^inmmr.P, n u Tlii. M^ nf l "oris it perceiv'd in all Bodies: But fince it is found in all

rations it may be converted into pure Gold. This Method nor is it perceiv

1 all

of Maturation is only for Mercury. The other Metals it is in- that we have Perception of, it may be affirm'd of all. So we effectual for, on two accounts : i°, Becaufe their Matter is find that feveral Bodies are hard; and argue that the Hard- not pure Mercury, but has other heterogeneous Bodies adher- nefs of the Whole only arifes from the Hardnefs of the Parts: in" to it. And i°. by reafon the Digeftion whereby Mercury Whence we infer that the Particles, not only of thofe Bodies is & turn'd into Gold wou'd not fucceed in other Metals, in which are fenfible, bur of all others, are likewife hard. Laftty, regard they had not been long enough in the Mines. Weight If all the Bodies about the Earth gravitate towards the Earth, is the individual and inimitable Character of Gold, Qc. and this according to the Quantity of Matter in each; anrl fhe

Moon