Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/408

 PHA

(801 )

P H I

PHARMACUM, a Medicament, or Medicine. See Me- dicine. Hence,

PHARMACY, that Branch of Medicine which teaches the Choice, Preparation, and Mixture of Medicines. See Me- picinE. _.

(pharmacy is divided into Galenical and Chymicdl.

Galenical Pharmacy, call'd alfo fimply Pharmacy^ is that deriv'd to us from the Ancients; confuting in the Knowledge and Management of thefeveral Parts of the Ma- teria Medica, now in the Hands of the Apothecaries. See Galenical.

The chief Obftacle in the Way of the Improvement of Phy- fic, is the Physicians neglecting of ^Pharmacy.

Chymical Pharmacy, call'd alfo Spagyrical and Hermeti- cal, is that introduced by (paracelfus^ who calls it An dijlilla- tori a ; confining in the refolving of mixed Bodies, into their component Parts, in order to Separate the ufclefs and III, and coilecl: and exalt the Good. See Chymistry.

The Word is deriv'd from the Greek (sd.puctx.GV Remedy.

Simples, vulgar, familiar, eafily prepar'd, readily pro-

cur'd Simples, c Plmy well obferves, were the only Remedies intended by Nature : fo foon as Fraud was got into the World, and Men began to live by their Witts ; Shops were foon fet up; and Life offer'd every Man to Sale. Straight, innume- rable Compositions; endlefs, inexplicable Mixtures, are cri'd up ; Arabia and India are crouded into a Draught; and a Plaiftcr for a little Ulcer fetch'd from the red Sea. When as the proper Remedies are thofe the Poor every Day feed on.

HiSt. Jsat. lib. 24. c. 1.

PHAROS, Phare, or Phanal, a Light-houfe ; a Pile rais'd near a Port, where a Fire is kept burning in the Night to guide and direel Veitels near at Hand.

The -Pharos of Alexandria was antiently very famous, in fo much as to communicate its Name to all the reif; the Colojjus of Rhodes ferv'd as a <Pharos.

Gzanam fays, 'pharos antiently Signified a Streighr, as the <Pharos or Pharo of Medina. See Streight.

PHARSANG, or Parasang, a Perfian Meafure of 40, 50, or 60 Furlongs. See Parasang.

PHARYNX, in Anatomy, the upper Opening of the Oe- foohagus or Gullet, Situate at the Bottom of the Fauces. See

OESOl'H AGUS.

The (pharynx is that Part particularly call'd the GuU or the Throat. It being in this Part of the Gullet the A£Hon of Deglutition commences, and where 'tis chiefly performed. It is avfiited by three Pair of Mufcies which compofe the (pharynx. See Deglutition.

The firft call'd the Styhfh&ryngdsUs ferves to draw up and dilate the (pharynx ; the fecond the c PterygQpharyng#us ferves to conltringe it; the third, which is call'd the Oefo- phagtfus Serves to clofe it; fee each under its proper Article.

STYLOPH ARYNGJEUS, ££?£

The Word in the original Greek zd^vy^ Signifies the fame.

PHASES, in Altronomy, the feveral Appearances, or Quantities of Illumination of the Moon, Venus, Mercury and the other Planets ; or the feveral manners wherein they ap- pear illuminated by the Sun. See Planet.

The Variety of Phafes in the Moon is very remarkable. Sometimes She Increafcs, fome times Wanes, fometimes is bent into Horns, and again appears like a Semi-circle, at other Times is Gibbous, and presently relumes a full circular Face. See Crescent, Falcated, Gibbous, 0$c.

For the Theory of the Lunar -"Phafes. See Moon.

As to the 'Phafes of Venus, the naked Eye does not difco- ver any ; but the Telefcope does. Copernicus antiently pro- phesied, that after Ages wou'd find that Venus underwent all the Changes of the Moon; which Prophecy was firft fulfill' d by Gallileo, who directing his Telefcope to Venus, obferv'd her Phafes to emulate thofe of the Moon ; being fometimes full, fometimes horn'd, fometimes gibbous. See Venus.

And Mercury docs the fame all the Difference between

thefe, and thofe of the Moon; is, that when thefe are full the Sun is between them and us; whereas, when the Moon is full, we are between her and the Sun. See Mercury.

The Word is form'd from the Greek $*irv 9 apfareo t I ap- pear.

Saturn puzzled the Aftronomers a long Time with his Strange Variety of Phafes. Hevelius and others found him. 1 . Moncfpherical. 1. Trifpherical. 3. Spherico-anfatei. 4. El- liptico-anfated. 5. Spherico-cufpidated : But Huygens Shews, that thofe monSTrous Phafes are all owing to the Imperfection of their Telefcopes. That great Author aSTiSted by the beft Telefcopes noted three principal <Phafes ; viz. Jan. 16 ,itf;<5. he was round, O£fob.i$ t Srachiated, and2to#£. 17, 165?, Anfated. See Saturn.

To determine the Phafes of an Edipfe for any given Time.

Find the Moon's Place in her vifible Way for that Moment ; and thence, as a Centre, with the Interval of the Moons Se- mi-diameter, defcribe a Circle. Find in like manner the Sun's Place in the Ecliptic, and thence, with the Semi-diameter

of the Sun defcribe another Circle : The intersection of the two Circles Shews the c Phafes of the Eclipfe, the Quantity of Obfcuration, and the Position of the Cufps or Horns. See Eclipse.

PHEONSi in Heraldry, the Barbed Heads of Darts and Arrows ; ufually reprefented of the adjoining Figure. Sable, a Fefle Ermine between three Thems,by the Name of Eger- ton.

IgggP

PHIAL, Phiala, a little Glafs-bottle, popularly call'd a Vial.

The Word is form'd of the Greek <t ikaii which fignifies the fame Thing.

PHID1TIA, or Phieitia, in Antiquity, Feafts cele- brated with great Frugality at Lacedemon.

The 'Phidttia were held in public Places, and in the open Air ; Rich and Poor affifted at 'em a like ; and on the fame looting ; their Defign being to keep up Peace, Friendfhip, and a good Understanding, and Equality among all the Citi- zens great and fmall.

Bemegger fays, they who attended at this Feaft, each brought a Bulhel of Flower, eight Meafures of Wine, call'd Corus, and five Mina: of Cheefe, and as much Figs.

The Phiditia of the Greeks were much the fame with the Chariftia at Rome. See Charistia.

PHILADELPHIA, in Antiquity, a Title, or Sur-riame, bore by feveral ancient Kings ; torm'd from the Greek *iaos Friend, loving and &feApJj Brother, q. d. who loves hisBrother.

'Ptolemy 'Philadelphia erected a Library at Alexandria and furnifhed it with 50C00 Volumes, by the Advice, and with the Care of Demetriih Phalareus. See Library.

It was the fame 'Philadelphia, that procur'd the Greek Verfion of the Books of Mofes, call'd the Septuagint. See Septuagint.

Father Chamillart has a Medal of the Queen ofComageneSi which bears the Title of Philadelpha - 7 without any other Name. M. Vaillant alfo tells us that Philip King of Syria had the Title of Philadelphus.

PHILANTHROPY, a Love of Mankind 5 a general Be- nevolence toward the Species. See Benevolence.

PHILAUTIA, PmLAuTY, in the Schools, filf Love-, a vicious Complaifance for a Man's felf. From the Greek. ciAof, amicus, and d.orai, ipje.

PHILIPPICKS, in Literature, a Name given to the Ora- tions of Demojihenes againft Philip King of Macedon. See Oration.

The philippicks are efteem'd the Mailer-pieces of that great Orator; Zonginus quotes Abundance of Inftances of the Sublime from 'em ; and points out a thoufand latent Beau- ties therein. In effecf, that Pathetic wherein 'Demojihenes excell'd, the frequent Interrogations and Apoftrophe's where- with he attack'd the Indolence of the Athenians, where cou'd they be better employ'd ? How much Delicacy foever there be in the Oration againft Leptinus, the Philippicks have yet the Advantage over it, were it only on account of the Subject which gives Demojihenes fo fair a Field to difplay his chief Talent, we mean with Zonginus, that of moving and afto- nifhing.

Dionyjius Halicarnaffeus ranks the Oration on the Halonefe among the Philippicks, and places it the 8th in Order ; but tho'the Authority of that great Critic be of no fmall Weight j yet, that Force and Majeity whereby Cicero Charafterifes the Philippicks of 'Demojihenes feems to exclude the Oration on the Halonefe out of the Number ; and authorife the almoft univerfal Opinion of the Learned, who reject it as fpuridus;

Zibanius, photius and others ; and above all rhe Languid- nefs of the Style, and the Lownefs of the Expreffions which reign throughout the Whole, father it on Hegejippus.

M. P'ourreil has given an excellent French Translation of the Philippicks.

'Tis an extraordinary Thing to fee fo much Spirit in a Trail- flation : fo much of the Strength and Energy of 'Demojihenes ; in a modern Tongue ; and that too fo weak a one as the French.

Phillipick is alio applied to the fourteen Orations of Cice- ro againft Marc Anthony. — 'Twas Cicero himfelf that gave 'em this Title in his Epiftles to Brutus j and Pofterity have found it fo juft that it has been perpetuated to our Times.

Juvenal calls the Second the 'Divine Philippick, and wit- nefles it to be of great Fame, Confpicuce 'Divina Philippics Fam&. That Orator's entitling his laft and moft valued Ora- tions after the Philippicks of Demofthenes, (hews the high Opinion he had of 'em.

Cicero's Philippicks coft him his Life ; M. Anthony hav- ing been fo irritated with 'em, that when he was arriv'd at' the ■Triumvirate, he procur'd his Murther, cut off his Head,- and ftuck it up in the very Place whence Tie Orator had cte- liver'd the Philippicks^

PHILIPPISTS, the Followers of 'Philip MelanBhon.

J 8 That