Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/407

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P H A

and with the Plenitude of the Heavens aflerted by the Car- tefians. SccPtolomaic, Plenitude, &c-.

The Word is form'd from the Greek $a.lvu, I appear. Sir Jf. Newton Jhews, that all the 'Phenomena of the hea- venly Bodies, follow from the Attra&ion of Gravity, which intercedes thofe Bodies ; and aim oil all the (phenomena of the leffer Bodies from the Attraction and Repulfion between their Particles: So fimple js Nature. See Gravitation, At- traction, Cohesion, Particle, $$c.

PHAGEDENA, in Chirurgezy, &c. a deep, bloated Ul- cer, which eats and corrodes the neighbouring Parts 5 fo call'd ■ from the Greek Qxyefydva, of tpa.yo^a.i I eat; See Ulcer. Hence, 'Phagedenic Medicines ; fuch as are ufed to eat off fungous, ■ or proud Flefh. particularly,

PHAGEDENIC Water, in Ghymiiby, a Water drawn from quick Lime ; fo call'd from its Efficacy in the Cure of Phage- denic Ulcers. See Lime.

To prepare this Water ; they put two Pounds of frefh quick- Lime in a large Earthern-panj and pour upon it about ten Pounds of rain Water ; thefe they let itand together two Days, ffimng 'em frequently ; At laff, leaving the Lime to fet- tle well, they pour ofFthe Water by Inclination, filtrate it and put it up in a Glafs Bottle, adding to it an Ounce of Corro- five Sublimate in Powdery which, of white becomes yellow, and finks to the Bottom of the Veffel.

The Water being fettled, is fit for Ufe, in the cleanfing of Wounds and Ulcers, and to eat off fuperrluous Flefh: Espe- cially in Gangrenes 3 in which Cafe may be added a third or fourth Part of Spirit of Wine. See Gangrene.

The Ephemerides of the Academy of the Curiofi Nature y relate that Phagedenic Ulcers have been frequently cured with SheepsDung.

PHALANX, in Antiquity, a huge, fquare, compact Bat- talion, form'd of Infantry fet clofe to one another, with their Shields join'd, and Pikes turn'd crofs ways 5 infomuch that it was almoil impoftible to break them.

It confined of Sooo Men : Livy fays, that this fort of Bat- talion was invented by the Macedonians, and that it was pe- culiar to them ; whence, among Writers, itisfometim.es call'd the Macedonian Phalanx.

St. Bvremond obferves, that the Macedonian 'Phalanx had the Advantage of Valour and Strength over the Roman Le- gion. See Legion.

Phalanx, is alfo applied by Anatomifts, to the Rows of the fmall Bones of the Fingers, as if rang'd in order of Battle. See Finger.

PHALEUCUS, in Poetry, a kindofVerfe, in Ufe among the Greeks and Latins 5 confifting, like the Sapphic, of five Feet, the firft a Spondee, the fecond a Dactyl, the three laft Trochees. See Verse, Foot 3 Spondee. .

The Phaleucvs is very proper forEpigrams. ■" Catullus ex- cell'd in it. See Epigram.

PHALLOPHORI, in Antiquity, a Name given at Sky on to certain Mimes, who ran about the Streetsfmuttcd with black, cloathed in Sheeps Skins, bearing Baskets full of various Herbs, as Chervil, Branca Urfina, Violet, Ivy, &c.

They danced in Cadence and were crown'd with Ivy, in honour of Bacchus:

The Word is form'd from the Greek paMos.Skin and yija I hear.

PHALLIC A, in Antiquity, Feafts, or Sacrifices celebrated at Athens, in honour o£ Bacchus. Sec Feast.

The c Phallica were inftituted on the following Occa- sion : One 'Pegafus, a Citizen of Elutheris y having carried fome Statues of Bacchus to Athens-, drew the Laughter and Contempt of the Athenians. Soon after this they were feiz'd with an Epidemic Difeafe, and upon confuking the Oracle how to get free of it, they were anfwer'd that there was no Way but to receive -Bacchus in Pomp: They did it, and thus inftituted the Phallica; wherein, befides the Statues and Trophies of the God, they bore Figures .of the Parts affected tied to Thyrfi. . .'.

PHANATIC, Phanaticus, a" Vifioiiary 5 one who fan- cies, or thinks, he fees Spectres, Spirits, Apparitions, or ether imaginary Objects, even when awake 3 and takes 'em to be real. See Phantasy.

Such are Phrenetics, Necromancer, Hypocondriac Perfons, and Lycanthropi. See Phrenetic, Hypochondriac, Ly- canthropos &c.See alfo Witchcraft, Imagination,

d& ■

Hence the Word is alfo applied to Enthufiafls, Pretenders to Revelation, new Lights, Prophecies, &c.

PHANTASM, Phantasma, Phantom, a Species of an Object perceiv'd by an external Senfe, and retain'd in the Phantasy. See Species and Phantasy.

PHANTASY, or, Fancy, the Imagination ; the Second of the Powers, or Faculties of the fenfitive or rational Soul, by which the Species of Objects recriv'd in by the common Senfe, are retain'd, recall'd, further examin'd, and either compounded or divided. See Imagination.

Others define the 'Phantafy to be that internal Senfe or Power, whereby the Idea's of abfent Things are form'd, and jurefented to the Mind, as if they were present, See Sense,

The Organ of this Senfe is vulgarly fuppos*d to be the middle Part of the Brain 5 and its objects, all the Species com- municated to it by the common Senfe, by the comparing of which it frames infinite others to itfelf. - See Image.

In Melancholic, and mad Men this Faculty is very fining, reprefenting many extravagant and monltrous Things 5 and framing its Images as lively as thofe of Senfation; whence the Virions and Deceptions thofe Perfons are liable to. Sec Pas- sion, Delirium, &c.

In Poets and Painters, that fame Faculty is to be the Pre- dominant one ; to enable 'em to feign, and purfae and execute their Fictions or Fables with more Strength, Confiftency, gfa See Fable, Poetry, 0$c.

In Men it is fuppos'd to be fubject to Reafon, but in Brutes it has no Superior 5 this being the Ratio Brutorum^ or what we call Reafon in Brutes. See Rkason and Erute.

The Phantafy is free from the Ligature or Sufpenfion of Sleep, witnefs our Dreams, ££c. See Sleep and Dream.

Some Philofopers ufe the Word 'Phantafy, in a more gene- ral Signification, viz. for what we ufually call Senfus Commu- nis, the common Senfe. See Common Sense.

PHANTASTIC, in Mufick. Piiantastic Style, is a Style proper for Inftruments ; or a free, eafy manner of Com- pofition. See St*le.

Phantastical Colours, is a Denomination given by the Peripatcticks to thofe Colours exhibited by the Rainbow, or a Prifm ; as fuppofing 'em not to be real Colours, but only Phantoms or Deceptions of the Sight. See Colour.

But many Experiments of the Moderns, and particularly thofe of Sir Jfaac Newton demonftrate the contrary ; and prove them as real as any other Colours in Nature. Sec Prism, and Rain-^ow.

PHARISEES, a celebrated Sect among the ancient Jews 5 fo call'd, fay fome, becaui'e feparated from the rejt by the Aufterity of their Life, by their profeffing a greater Degree of Holinefs, and a more religious Obfervation of the Law.

This is the Import of the Word < Pharis in the Hebrew, or rather the Chaldee Tongue ; whence is form'd the Greek. $aei?ai@- and the Latin 'Pharifeus.

St. jfcrom, and fevcral of the Rabbins maintain this Ety- mology ; which is very agreeable to the State and Character of the Pharisees j who were not only dittinguilh'd from the reft by their manner of Life, but by their Habit.

'Tis very difficult to fix the precife Origin of the 'Pharifees. The Jefuite Serrarius places their firft Rife about the Time of Ejdras$ becaufe 'twas then the yews firft began to have Interpreters of their Traditions. Maldonat, on the other Hand, will not have this Sect to have rofe among the Jews, till a little before the Time of Chrift. Others, perhaps with more probability, refer the Origin of the 'Pharifees to the Time of the Maccabees^

Be this as it will Pharifaifm is flill the prevailing Doctrine in the jfewifi Religion ; that huge Number of Traditions in the 'I'almud which bear fo great a Sway among the Jews y coming all from the <Pharifees, See Tradition and Tal- mud.

Jofephus, who defcribes their Dogmata, fays, that they at- tributed all to Deitiny, and to God ; fo, however, as not to deprive Man of his free Agency 5 which Sixtus of Sienna thtis explains; The {P/:wv/£(?j~believ'd that all Things were done by Deftiny, i. e. with Gods foreknowledge, and in Confequence of his immutable Decree; the Will of Man ftill remaining free and unaffected ; Fato, hoc eft 2)ei prefcientia & immobili de- creto omnia geri, manente tamen libera humane libertatis af fenfa.

They own'd the Immortality of the Soul, and a future State; but admitted at the fame Time a kind of Metem- pfychofis, or Tranfmigration of Souls. See Metempsy- chosis.

The Pharifees were great Sticklers for the allegorical or myftical Senfe of the Scriptures ; whence moft oFConverts made to Chriftianity among the yews were of the 'Pharifees. In effect, the Pharifees were in every Thing directly op- pofite to the Saducees. See Saducees.

PHARMACEUTICA, that part of Phyfick which directs the Ufe, Preparation, &c. of Medicines. See Pharmacy. PHARMACOLOGY, a Treatife of Medicines ; of the Ait of preparing 'em, judging of 'em, &c. See Pharmacy. PHARMACOPOEIA, a Difpenfary ; or a Treatife con- taining the Preparations of the fevcral Kinds of Medicines, with their Ufes, manner of Application, &c. See DispensarV. We have various P'harmacopceia's ; as thofe of Bauderon t ^jiercetan, Zwelfer, Charras, Bates, Salmon, Lemery, Sec.

The lateft and moft rational, and that in moft Efteem, is Gkiincy's 'Pharmacopoeia officinalis £f? extemporanea. ^The Word is form'd from the Greek $ a.^ctum^ Remedy, and ■sroiHc facere, to tnake.

PHARMAC'OPOLA, an Apothecary ; or a Perfon wha prepares and fells Medicines. See Apothecary.

The Word is feldom ufed but by way of ridicule. It is form'd from, the Greek pxpftewo;. and ■areMrtj' vendere t to fell.

PHAR-