Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/406

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Catholick Cauie, which dctermin'd him to b'latken the Adver- ifaries thereof, than any real Sentiment of the Petrobruffians.

PETROJOANN1TES, the Followers or" "peter John, or $>ster Joamns,i. e. peter the Son of John, whoiiv'din the XII. Century.

His Do&rine was not known till after his Death 5 when his Body was taken out of his Grave and burnt.

His Opinions were, that he alone had the Understanding of the true Senfe wherein the Apoitles preached the Gofpel ; that the reafonable Soul is not the Form of the Man; that there is no Grace intufed by Baptifm ; that JefusChriit was pierced with a Launce on rheCrofs 'ere he expir'd.

PETROL, Petroleum, q. d. Petr^-olemn, Oil of Rock ; an Oleaginous Juice, iffuing out of the Clefts of Rocks. See Oil.

Beflde artificial and vegetable Oils, i. e. thofe drawn from plants, £5jC by Expreflion; there are alfo natural and mineral Oils ifluing of thcmfelves from the Entrails of the Earth ; call'd by a common Name "Petrols, or Petroka.

Thefe, according to all Appearance, mult be the Work of fubterraneous Fires, which raife, orfublime the more fubtile Parts of certain bituminous Matters that lie in their Way. Thefe Parts being condens'd into a Liquor by the Cold of the Vaults of Rocks, are there collected, and Ooze thence through Clefts and Apertures, which the Difpofition of the Ground furnifhes 'em withal.

Petrol, then is a Liquid Bitumen; only differing by its Liquidity from other Bitumens, as Afphaltum, Jer, &c. See Bitumen.

The Naphtha, which is either a Liquid, or at leaft a very loft Bitumen, is much the fame with the Petrol. See Naphtha.

Hitherto there has been little Petrol found, except in hot Countries. Olearins fays he faw above 30 Springs of it near Scamachia in Perjia : 1'here are Petrols in the Southern Pro- vinces of France ; but the beft are thofe in the Dutchy of Modern, firft difcover'd by Ariofto a Phyfician, in itfAo, in a very barren Valley, iz Leagues from the City of Mo- dem.

There are three Canals dug with great Expence in the Rock ; by which three different Kinds of Petrol ate difcharg'd into little Bafons or Refervoirs : The firft, as white, clear, and fluid as Water, of a brisk penetrating Smell, and not dis- agreeable; the fecond of a clear Yellow, lefs fluid, and a Jefs brisk Smell than the White ; the third a blackifh Red of thicker Confidence, and a Smell more approaching that of Bitumen.

M. Sotilduc has made feveral Experiments on the Petrol, defcrib'd in the Hift.of Acad, of Sciences M.DCCXV. He obferves, that he cou'd not raife any Phlegm or faline Spirit by any Diftillation, either in Salneo Mari<e, or in a Sand heat*. All that wou'd rife was Oil; at the Bottom of the pellkanremain'd an exceeding fmall Quantity of a thickifh, brownifh Matter.

Hence, to ufc Petroleum in Medicine, it muft be pre- fcrib'd juit as it is. 'Tis a Remedy Nature has prepar'd to our Hands; it is found very warm and penetrating ; and commend- ed in many outward Complaints, Rheumatick and Arthrkick Pains, and paralytick Limbs.

PETRONEL, a Sort of Harquebufs or Hand-gun. See Harquebuss.

PETROSA OJfe, in Anatomy, two Bones of the Cra- nium. Sec Cranium.

The fifth and fixth Bones of the Skull are thofe of the Temples; fo call'd a Temporikts, becaufe they fhew the Age of Man ; the Hairs hereon turning grey before any of the reft. See Temples.

Their Upper-part is fquamous or Scaly, the lower Pe- trous, i. e, hard or (tony, and hence they come here to be denominated Petrofa.

The Ojffh Petrofa are the fmalleft proper Bones of the Cra- nium ; Their Upper-part is Semi-circular, and their Lower of a Rocky Make. They are iituated in the lateral and lower Parts of the Head ; bounded a-top by the fquammous Suture, which joins 'em to the Parietalia ; behind by the Lambdoides, which joins them to the Occipital, and connects them to Os Sphenoides.

Each has two Sinus's before and behind the Sphenoidal : the Exterior lin'd with a Cartilage, receiving the Procefs of the lower Jaw ; the Interior receives the Lower-part of the Sinus Lateralis of the Dura Mater.

Each again has four ProceiTes ; three External, and one In- ternal ; of the External, the firtt is call'd Zygomatims or Os Jugate ; the fecond Maftoides or Mammillaris ; the third Sty- loides, each whereof fee under its proper Article. Zygo- matics, &c

The internal Procefs is properly call'd the Os petrofum : This is pretty long and large, containing the whole Meatus Au-dhonus and Cavity of the Tympanum. See Tympanum and Ear.

PETTEIA or Petti a, in the ancient Mufick, a Greek Term, to which we have no correfponding one in our Lan- guage.

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P H A

The Melopoeia, ;. e. the Art of arranging Sounds in Shc- ceffion o as to make Melody, is divided tnto three Part.', which the Greeks call Zeffc, Mixis, and Chrefis, the Zatins Samftie, Mixtio, and £/;?«; and the Italian PreCa, Mefco/a- memo, and Up. J J

The laftis alio call'd by the Greeks iIstW*, ?«b, and by the Italians pettia.

Petteia or Tenia, then is the Art of making a iufl Dif- cernment of all the Manners of ranging, or combining Sounds among themfelves, & as they may produce their Et- tcfl, ;. e. fo as they may exprefs the feveral Paffions intended to be rais'd ; thus, B. gr. it (hews what Sounds are to bo us'd, and what not, how often any of 'em are to be repeated, with which to begin, and with which to end, whether with a grave Sound to rile, or an Acute one to fall, £gc.

'Tis the <Petteia that makes the Manners of the Mufick ; it being this that chufes out this or that PaOion, this that or Mo- tion of the Soul to be awaken 'd, and whether it be proper to excite it in this or that occafion.

The 'Petteia therefore is in Mufick what the Manners are in Poetry. See Manners.

We don't fee whence the Word (hou'd have been taken by the Greeks unlefs from neWs/a their Game of Chefs ; the- mufical Petteia being a Combination and Arrangement of Sounds, as Chefs is of Pieces call'd . a i TT oi, Calculi, Chefc- Men.

PETTY-Sag, an Office in Chancery, the three Clerks whereof Record the Return of all Inquifirions out of every Shire, make all Patents of Cuftomers, Gaugers, Controllers, SSfc. See Chancery.

PETTY-Fogger, from the French Petite, little, and the Saxon pjgepe Wooer, Suiter, (gc. A little, Stickling, So- licitor, or Jobber in Law-difputes, without either Skill or Confcience.

Vmi-Zarceny, in Law, fmall Theft; or the Healing of Things under the Value of izd. See Larceny.

The Punifhment, antiently, was fometimes the Lofsof an Ear; fometimes Cudgelling: After Edward III. It was for along Time Whipping, but is now Tranfportation.

Petty Patees, among Confectioners, a fort of fmall Pies, made of March Pane, and fill'd with fweat Meats.

V^t-cY-Singles, among Faulconers, are the Toes of a Hawk. See Hawk.

Vi.Tfi-'TaUy, in the Sea Language, a competent Allow- ance of Victuals, according to the Number of the Ships Company.

Petty-7tm/«7, in Law, the Crime of a Servant's killing his Mafter, a Wife's killing her Husband, a Child's killing his Parent, or a Clergyman's killing his Prelate to whem he owes Obedience. SeeTREAsoN.

The Punifhment of Petty-Treason is, that the Criminal {hall be drawn on a Sledge, or Hurdle to the Gallows, and there hanged.

The Punifhment of Petty-Treafin in a Woman is the fame with that of High-Treafon, "jra. drawing and burning alive. See Punishment.

PETUM. SeeNicoTiANA.

PEVETTS, the Ends of the Spindle of a Wheel in a Watch. The Holes into which they run, are call'd Psvett- Holes. See Watch.

PEWTER, a factitious Metal, ufed in domeftick Utenfils.

The Balis of Pewter is Tin, which is converted into Pew- ter by the Mixture of fix Pounds of Brafs, and fifteen Pounds of Lead, with an hundred Weight of Tin.

Befide this Compofition which makes the common Pewter v there are others for other Occafions ; compounded of Tin, mix'dwith Regulus of Antimony, Tin Glafs and Copper, in feveral Proportions. See Tin.

Pewter has occasionally ferv'd tor Money. In the Philo- foph. Tranfacl. M. Pntlani informs us, that K. James IL turn'd all the Pewter Veflels, &c. of the Protectants in Ire- land he could feiae, into Money ; Half-Crowns were fome- what bigger than Halt-pence, and other Pieces in proportion. See Money andCoiN.

He order'd it to be Current in all Payments : Whence, our Author obferves, People abfeonded for fear of being paid their Debts: He mentions Crown-pieces of this Metal, with this Legend on the Rim, MEZIORIS TESSARA FATI.

PHENOMENON, in Phyficks, an extraordinary Effect, or Appearance in the Heavens, or on Eatth ; difcover'd by Obfervation of the Cajleftial Bodies, or by phyfical Expert- ments ; and whofe Caufe is not obvious. See Observation, Experiment, S?c.

Such are Meteors, Comets, uncommon Appearances of Stars, and Planets, Earthquakes ; fuch alfo are the EffeSs of the Magnet, Phofphorus, &c fl See Metoers, Comet, Star, Planet, Earthquake, Magnet.

Tis a Maxim, that Hypothefis is belt, which folves moll ph£nomena. See Hypothesis.

The Phenomena of Comets are inconfiftent with the Soli- dity of the Heavens, fuppos'd in the Ptolomaic Hypothefis