Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/387

 PEP

maining the fame : And if the Diameter of the Planet be in- creas'd, the Star remaining the fame, 'twill be the fame as if the Diameter ftill receeded from the Angle of the Penumbra.

M. de le Hire examins the different Degrees of the Pemt?n- bra, and reprefents 'em Geometrically by the Ordinates of a Curve, which fhall be among 'emfelves, as the different Parts of the Sun's Disk, wherewith a Body placed in the Penum- bra is enlighten'd.

PEPPER, an Aromatic Fruit, or Grain of a hot, dry Qua- lity; chiefly ufed in the feafoning of Meats. See Spice.

It is the Product of a Shrub growing in feveral Parts of the Faft-lndies, chiefly Java, Sumatra, Malacca, and the Coafts of Maiabar. The Plant is very weak and of the reptile Kind, and for that Reafon ufually planted at the Foot of the larger Trees, as the Areca, Cacoa, Uc.

The 'pepper grows in Grapes or Clutters ; at firft green, as they ripen they grow red; and at laft, after being expofed a While to the Sun, become black, in the Condition we fee 'em.

The Fruit is gather'd in November. It muft bechofen large, well fed, not wrinkled, without Duft, with a good many white Grains in it; and Care be taken the largeft Grains han't been pick'd out to make white 'Peeper.

White Pepper is the Fruit of the fame Plant with the Black, and is prepared from it by moiftening it with Sea- Water, and then expofing ittotheSun, and cafting away the outer Bark, which abandoning the Grain, leaves it white.

Indeed, M. 2)etluu, a late Traveller, fays, they ftrip off the Skin, by beating it before it be quite dry; or by foaming it in Water after it has dried, and then beating it.

Many Authors, and among the reft Tomer, will have the white 'Pepper to be natural, and the Fruit of a different Plant from the Black ; but M. Dellon, who exprefsly declares the contrary from his own long Experience, feems to put the Matter pair, doubt.

White Pepper muft be chofen after the fame manner as black ; with this further Care, that it han't been whiten'd.

"pepper that is fold ground, is very apt to be fophiificated ; the Black with burnt Cruft of Bread, &c. the White with beaten Rice.

Long Pepper is a kind of Pepper denominated from its form, which in Length and Thicknefs equals a Child's Finger; it confiits of an affemblage of Grains join'd clofe to one ano- ther, of a brownifh Colour, bordering without on red, and within on black ; and grows by a long Pedicle to a Plant, like that of the black pepfer, but lower, and its Leaves fmaller and greener.

Its Tafte refembles that of the former, but lefs fharp.

There are three kinds of this P>epper, that of the Haft-In- dies, that of America, and that of Ethiopia, call'd alfo Grain ofZeilon: Tho' the firft alone is the proper longPepper$ the reft refembling it but little.

It muft be chofen new, large, heavy, well fed, hard to break, without Duft or Mixture; its chief Ufe is in Medi- cine, where it enters feveral Galenical Compofitions, among the reft Treacle.

Guinea Pepper, is a redPepper, of a Coral Colour, much efteem'd by the Americans, from among whom 'tis brought, and by them call'd Chile, by the Spaniards Pimenta, and the French, Garden Coral.

'Tis now cultivated pretty commonly in France, efpecially in Languedoc ; ufed in making Vinegar, and likewife confec- ted with Sugar. It muft be chofen new, in large Pods, dry, entire, and red.

There are four Kinds, the firft call'd by the Americans Chil- chotes ; the fecond very fmall Chilterpin, both of a very pungent Tafte ; the third Tonalchiles, moderatly hot, and eaten by the Natives like other Fruit with Bread ; the fourth Chilpela- gua, moderately pungent, much ufed by the Spaniards in the Preparation of Chocolate ; there is alio a fifth Kind call'd Agy, growing in 'Peru.

Jamaica Pepper, call'd by the Zttttcb Amomi, is the Fruit of the Tree that yields the Indian Wood, growing plentifully in Jamaica and other American Iflands.

It is a real Aromatic, and may fupply the Defect both of Cloves, Nutmeg, and Cinnamon ; the French call it the round Clove, from its Tafte refembling that Spice.

PERACUTUM Menftmum. See Menstruum.

PENY. See Penny.

PEPASMUS, in Medicine, the digefting and ripening of morbid Humours. See Maturation, Digestion.

The Word is Greek ^zuretoyLSi,

PEPASTIC, or PEPTIC, in Medicine, a kind of Medi- cament, of the Coniiftence of an Emplafter; proper to bring vitious and corrupt Humours to a Head, and difpofe 'em for Suppuration. See Ripener and Digestive.

Butter, Roots of Mallows, of Flowers-de-lis, Onions and Leaves of Oxylapathum are efteem'd good pepafticks, or Maturatives.

The Word is form'd from the Greek tevalniv to digeft or ripen.

PepiA, popularly PEP or PIP, a Difeafe of Fowls ; con- iifting in a little white dry Pellicle, arifing on the Tongue, from their having thirfted much.

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PER

Among Falconers, the Pepia is a Difeafe arifing in the Tongues of their Birds, from eating Salt and ilinking Flefh

PEPSIS, in Medicine, the Coition, or digefting of Foods or Humours in the Body. See Coction and Digestion. *

The Word is Greek, iti-^is, boiling.

PFPTIC, in Medicine. See Pepastic.

PEPUZIANS, a Seel of ancient Hereticks, orherwife call'd Phrygians, or Cataphrygians.

They had their Name Pepimans from a Pretence that J. C. appcar'd to one of their Propheteffes in the City Pepu- za in Phrygia, which was their holy City. See Quinti- lians.

PER Z)efcenfum, by 'uJefcent, in Chvmiftry, a particular manner of Diftillation. See Descent.

PER %)eliquhim. See Delic^uium.

Salt of Tartar, diffolved by the coldnefs or moifture of the Air, is call'd Oil of Tartar per Tleliqttiiim, &c* See Tartar.

PER Arfin, PER Thefin. Terms in Mufic Per is a Latin Prepofition, fignifying by, during-? Arfis and Thefis are Greek Words, the firft whereof figm&cs Flevanon ; the fecond Pojiticn.

Per 1'hefin, fignifies in beating or during the firft time of the Mcafure; Per Arfin, in rifing, or in the laft Time of the Meafure.

A Song, Counter-point, Fugue, &c. are faid to be per 1'hefin, when the Notes defcend from the Acme to the Grave ; and on the contrary, that they are per Arfw i when the Notes afcend from Grave to Acute.

PERAMBULATION of the Foreft, the Surveying or Walking about the Foreft, or the Limits of it, by Juftices or other Oificers thereto appointed, to fet down the Metes and Bounds thereof, and what is within the Foreft, and what without. See Purlieu and Forest.

PERAMBULATIONE factenda, is a Writ comanding the Sheriffs to make Perambulation, and fet down the Bounds of two or more Manours, whofe Limits are not fo well known.

PERAMBULATOR, in Surveying, an Inftrument for the meafuringof Diftances, call'd alfo Pedometer, Way-wifer, and Surveying Wheel. See Pedometer and Surveying- Wheel.

Its Advantages are its Handinefs, and Expedition ; its con- trivance is fuch, as that it may be fitted to the Wheel of a Coach; in which it preforms its Office, and meafures the Road without any Trouble at all.

There is fome Difference in its make : That now moft ufual, as moft Convenient, is as follows.

Conftruclion of the Perambulator or Way-ivifer.

The 'Perambulator (reprefented Tab. Surveying Fig. 25.) confifts of a Wheel 2 Foot 7 Inches and an half in Dia- meter; confequently half a Pole, or eight Foot and 3 Inches in Circumference. On one End of the Axis is a Nut i of an Inch in Diameter, divided into 8 Teeth, which upon moving the Wheel round, fall into the 8 Teeth of another Nut c, fix'd on one End of an Iron Rod J^, and thus turn the Rod once round, in the Time the Wheei makes one Re- volution. This Rod lying along a Groove in the Side of the Carriage of the Inftrument, has at its other End a fquare Hole, into which fits the End 6 of the little Cylinder P. This Cylinder is difpofed under the Dial-plate of a Movement, at the End of the Carriage S, in fuch manner as to be moveable about its Axis. Its End a is cut into a perpetual Screw, which falling into the 32 Teeth of a Wheel perpendicular thereto; upon driving the Inftrument forward, that Wheel makes a Revolution, each 16 Pole. On the Axis of this Wheel is a Pinion with fix Teeth, which falling into the Teeth of another Wheel of do Teeth, carries it round every Itfoth Pole, or half Mile.

This laft Wheel then carrying a Hand or Index round with it, over the Divifions of the Dial-plate whofe outer Limb is divided into i(5o Parts, correiponding to the ido Poles ; points out the Numbers of Poles pafs'd over.

Again, on the Axis of this laft Wheel, is a Pinion contain- ing 20 Teeth, which falling into the Teeth of a third Wheel that has 40 Teeth, drives it once round in 320 Poles, or a Mile. On the Axis of this Wheel is a Pinion of 12 Teeth, which falling into the Teeth of a fourth Wheel that has 72 Teeth, drives it once round in 12 Miles.

This fourth Wheel carrying another Index, over the in- ner Limb of the Dial-plate, divided into r2, for Miles, and each Mile fubdivided into Halves, Quarters, and Furlongs, ferves to Regifter the Revolutions of the other Hand, and to keep Account of the half Miles and Miles pafs'd over as far as 12 Miles.

Ufe of the Perambulator or IFay-wi/er.

The Application of this Inftrument is obvious from its Conftruclion. Its proper Office is in the Surveying of Roads,

and