Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/383

 PEN

PENETRATION, the Aflion whereby one Thing enters another, or takes up the lame PJace. See Place.

1'he School-men define 'Penetration, the Co-exiftence of two or more Bodies; fo, as one is prefent, or has its Extcnfion in the fame Place as the other. See Existence andBoBY. Scealfo Matter, Solidity,^.

In Phjficks, the real 'Penetration cfSodiesis held abfurd, i. e. that two Bodies fhou'd be at the Time in the fame Place: accordingly Impenetrability is laid down as one of the effential Properties of Matter. See Impenetrability.

What we popularly call 'Penetration, only amounts to the Matter of one Body's being admitted into the Vacuity of ano- ther. See Vacuity, Dimension.

Such is the 'Penetration of Water thro' the Subftance of Gold. See Water, Gold, e?c. See alfo Hardness.

PENIDIUM, in Pharmacy, Sarfy-Sugar ; a Preparation of Suoar, made by boiling it up with a Decoction of Barley, till it°become Brittle ; w'hich done, it is tum'd out upon a Marble, anointed with Oil of Sweet Almonds, kneaded with the Hands like pad ; and while yet hot, drawn out into Sticks twilled like Cords. See Sugar.

'Penidia are very good again!! Colds, to moderate the Acri- monies of the Brealt, promote Expectoration, iSc

Dr. ^ainey ufes the term 'Penidium, for a kind of clarified Sugar, with a Mixture of Starch, made up into Bolus's.

PENINSULA, in Geography, a Portion, or Extent of Land, joining to the Continent by a narrowNeck, oxJfthmitS; the reft encompaffed with Water. See Isthmus.

Such is 'Pelopcmfus, or the Morea, Africa, g>c

•petrinfula is the fame with Cherfonefus. See Chirso-

NESUS.

The Word is compounded of the Latin, 'Pene, and Infiila ; q. d. almoft Uland, which the French pertinently enough render prefque IJle.

PENIS, in Anatomy, a part of the Body, from its form, call'd alfo the Tard; and by way of Eminence the Member, ox virile Member as being one of the principal Organs of Gene- ration in the Male Kind. See Generation, and Male.

It is faften'd to the lower Part of the Os 'Pubis, and the up- per Part of the Ifiiion : Its Body confifts of the two Corpora Cavernosa, the Corpus Cavemofum Urethra, and the Urethra it felf.

The Corpora Cavernosa of the 'Penis, calld alfo Corpra, Uervofa £S? Spngiofa, &c. have two dirtinct Origins in the Os 'pubis ■ whence they proceed, growing both in bulk and thicknefs till they meet the Corpus cavemofum of the Ure. thra' whete they join; leaving an Interftice or Channel for its PafTage along 'em 5 and thus continue their Progrefs, connec- ted together by a membranous Body call'd the SepHun, and terminating at length in the Glans. See Cavernosa Cor- pra 'Penis.

The Cavernous Body of the Urethra, includes the Urethra or Urinary Paffage. Its form contrary to that of the other Cavernous Bodies, is largeft at the two Extremes, and fmall- ell in the Middle.

That Part included between the two Origins of the Caver- nous Bodies of the 'Penis, Mr. Confer calls the Bulb of the Urethra : Its other Extremity being dilated, forms the Body cali'd the Glans. See Urethra, Bulb and Glans.

The 'Penis receives Arteries from the internal Iliac Branch- es and Umbilical Arteries; andthefeat Length fubdividing into innumerable Branches, from the capillary Extremities thereof arife fo many Veins; in whofe Chanels are Apertures correfponding to fo many Cells, which communicating with each other, empty 'emfelves into larger Venous ducf s, running on the fuperior Surface of the Perns ; fome whereof join the Veins of the Prepuce ; others make one large Trunk, call'd Vena 'Penis, which inarching on the Dorfum 'Penis to the 'frofattf, there divides and enters the internal Iliac on either

The 'Penis has Nerves from a Trunk compofed of a Coal- efcence of the third of the Os Sacrum, and a Branch of the preat Ctural : Thefe afcending the Cavernous Bodies, expand 'emfelves o'er the upper Surface thereof, and are thence difttibutedto all Parts of the 'Penis.

It has Lymphreducfs very numerous on its Surface under the Skin, which difcharge 'emfelves into the Glandule Ingui- nalcs. See Seed and Urine.

The 'Penis has two pair of Mufcles, and an odd one ; the odd Mufcle is call'd Accelerator Ur'mte -. its upper Part, which covers the Bulb, ferves to ftreighten the Veins paffing thro' it from the Corpus Cavemofum of the Urethra, and thus hinders the Reflux of the Blood in Erection ; and by repeat- ed Contractions, drives the Blood into the Bulb towards the Glans. Its Elongation ferves to comprefs the Channel of the Urethra and to force out the contain'd Seed or Urine. See Accelerator Uine.

The firft pair of Mufcles is call'd the Erettores 'Penis. By their Aflion the 'Penis is fuftain'd, and drawn towards the 'Pubes ; and by the Affiftance of the fufpenfory Ligament of the 'Penis, this Vena 'Penis is applied to the tranfverfe Legi- sient of the OJfa 'Pubis, and the refluenfElood hinder'd from

( 778 ) PEN

paffing that way; whereby the Copra Cavemcfa become dif- tended. See Erectores 'Penis.

The laft pair of Mufdes are the Tranfverfaks 'Penis, which vary in various Subjects, and are fometimes wanting: Their Ufe is to dilate that Part of the Cavernous Body of the Ure- thra, to which they are faften'd. See Transversales 'Penis.

The<Penis has alfo three Glands, firft difcover'd by Mr. Confer 5 thefe all empty 'emfelves into the Urethra, and from the Tenacity of the Liquor they feperate, are call'd the Mucous Glands. See Mucous Gland.

The whole Compages of the 'Penis is invefted with a Cel- lulofe Membrane, of admirable Texture ; which again is co- ver'd with a firm nervous Coat ; and that with a Citticula and Cutis: The Duplicature of theCta"on the Glans, makes the Prepuce. See Preputium.

It is tyed to the lower Part of the Glans by a Ligament, call'd the Fr<emim. SeepRjENUM.

By another Ligamenr, cali'd Suffenforimn, the Penis is held up to theO^j Pubis. See Lig amentum Jiijpenferit&rt Penis.

The Ufe of the Penis is for the Evacuating of the Seed and Urine. See Seed and Urine.

Indeed, Dr. 2)rake, from a View of its Structure, thinks it originally intended for the former only ; and that the Con- veyance of the Urine was not confider'd by Nature in the Mechanifm of this Part.

He adds another Ufe, viz. the Incitement to the Propaga- tion of the Species.

In Effect, without fuch an Inftrument, the Seed of the molt perfect: Animals cou'd not be convey'd to the Place of Prolific ation : Add to this, that an Alternation of Erection and Elaccidity is abfolutely necetTary ; the firft for the Perfor- mance of its Office, the fecond for the Security of the Parr.

Without an Erection, it were impoffible to emit and lodge the Seed where it ought to be ; and with a conftant one, al- moft as impoffible to fecure the Part from Injuries ; not to mention the Lofs of Inftigation, which wou'd be the Confe- quence of conftant Erection. SccSatyriasis, %$c.

The Cattfe of the HreBion of the Penis is the Blood dif- tending the Copora Cavemofa ; as is evident from many Ex- periments $ among the reft, from tying the Penis of a Dog in CoitU, in which nothing is found but Blood. And hence, in the Bodies of Criminals that hang long after death, the Pe- nis becomes erected, by the Blood's falling to the inferior Parts, and flopping there.

The Cavernous Body of the Urethra is erected by the Muf- cziU Accekratores, embracing the Veins of its Bulb. Sec Erection.

PENITENCE, Panitentia, is fometimes ufed for a State of Repentance, and fometimes for the Act of Repenting. See Repentance.

Penitence is alfo ufed for a Difcipline or Punifhment attending Repentance, more ufnally call'd Penance. See Penance.

Penitence, is alfo the Title of feveral religious Orders, confining of converted Debauchees, and reform'd Proilitutcsj or of Pcrfons who devote 'emfelves to the Office of reclaim- ing 'em.

Of this latter Kind is the Order of Penitence of St. Mag- dalen, eftablifh'd about the Year 1272, by one 'Bernard, a Cittizen of Marfeillesz, who devoted himlelt to the work of converting the Courtezans of that City.

'Bernard was feconded by feveral others ; who making a kind of Society, were at length erected into a religious Order by Pope Nicholas III. under the Rule of Sr. ditguftin.

F. Gefnay adds, that they alfo made a religious Order of the Penitents, or Women they converted, giving 'em the fame Rules and Obfervanccs which they themfelves kept.

The Congregation of penitence of the Magdalen at Paris, owed its Rife to the preaching of F. 1'ifferan, a Fra,iafcan 5 who converted a great Number or Courtezans about the Year 1492.

'Lows, Duke of Orleans, gave 'em his Houfe for a Monaf- tery ; or rather, as appears by their Constitutions, Charles VII F. gave 'em the Hotel, call'd Bochaigne, whence they were re- moved to St. George's Chapel in 1572. By Virtue ofa Brief of Pope Alexander:, Simon, Bifhop of Paris, in 1497, drew 'em up a Body of Statutes, and gave 'em the Rule of St. Augujiin.

To qualify a Woman for Admiffion, it was required that Ihehad committed the Sin of the Flefli : None were admit- ted above 3; Tears of Age.

Till the Beginning of the laft Century, non? but Penitents were admitted 5 but fmce its Reformation by Mary Mvequin, in 1616, none have been admitted but Maids 5 who, how- ever, ftill retain the ancient Name Penitents. Sec Penitents.

Penitents, are certain peculiar Friaries, or Societies of Perfons who affemble together for Prayers, make Proccffions bare footed their Faces coyer 'd with Linne^ and give 'em- felves Difcipline.


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