Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/377

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PEE

an abufe in Architecture ; tho' authoriz'd by very good Build- ings; as the large Pavillion of the Louvre, where the Carya- tides fupport three 'Pediments one in another.

Sometimes the Tympanum of the pediment is cut out, or left open, to let in light 5 as we fee under the Portico of the Capitol at Rome.

Laftly, this open Pediment is fometimes triangular, and enrich'd with Sculpture, as Rofes, Leaves, &c. as we find it in moft of the Gothic Churches.

M. le Ckrc obferves, that the Modillions in the Corniche of the '■Pediment fhou'd always anfwer exactly over thofe of the Entablature. Indeed, Vitruvius fays, the Ancients did not allow any Modillions at all in Pediments. See Modillion.

The fame M. le Clerc obferves, that the Corniche which ferves the Pediment as a Bafc, ihou'd have no Cymatium ; by reafon the Cymatium of the reft of the Entablature, when it meets the Pediment, paffes over it.

This Change of Determination occafionsa considerable Dif- ficulty 5 the Cymatium, in this Cafe, appearing too broad in the Turn of the Angle. To remedy which, the Architects have recourfe to feveral Expedients.

A pointed pediment may crown three Arches 3 but ^circu- lar pediment can only crown one agreeably.

One wou'd never ufe above two Tympana over each other in the fame Frontifpicce ; and even where there are two, 'twou'd be proper to have the lower Circular, the upper pointed.

The Word is form'd of the French Pere and Degree, q. d. Degree of Fathers or Anceftors.

PEDIGREE, Tiefcent m Genealogy. See Descent and Genealogy.

PED1CULARIS Morbus, in Medicine, the lottfy T)i\- temper- a Difeafe arifing from fome uncommon Corruption in the Body, which generates infinite Quantities of Lice on the Skin.

Herod died of the pedicular Difeafe

The Word comes from the Latin pediculus, Loufe.

PEDI^AN, in Antiquity. The City of Athens was an- tiently divided into three different Quarters; one on the De- scent Gf a Hill ; another on the Sea-fliore ; and a third in a Plain between the two.

The Inhabitants of the middle Region were call'd Tlthtls <pedieeanS? or according to Ariflotle, Pediaci; thofe of the Hi)! 'Diacrians; and thofe of the fhore, Paralians. Thefe Quarters ufually compofed fo many differentia clions: pifidratus made ufe of the pediccans againft the 2)iacrianS.

In the time of: Scion, when a Form of Government was to be chofen, the T)iacnans wou'd have it Democratic ; the Pe- diceans demanded an Ariftocracy ; and the Paralians a mixt Government. '

The Word is form'd from the Greek *s<SW rjlain, flat.

PEDDEUS, in Anatomy, is the fecond ot the Extenfor Mufclesof the Foot, pes- 7 whence its Name. See Foot,

It has its Origin in the lower Part of the Percnceum, and annular Ligament; and is divided into four Tendons, which are inferted into the external Part of the firft Articulation of the four Toes. . - -

Its Ufe is to extend the Foot together with the firft or the Extenfors, call'd Extenfor Communis. See Extensor. pedo BAPTISM. See Pjedo Sapifm.

^EDUNCULI, in Anatomy, two medullary Proceffes of the Cerebellum, whereby that Part is join'd to the Medulla oblongata. See Cerebellum and Medulla.

Willis, who firft gave 'em the Name, obferved in 'em three diflir.fr. Proceffes on either Side, the two firft whereof go to the Teftes, the fecond directly from the Cerebellum to the Medulla oblongata,, decuffating the former, and faftning the Procejfus Annularis. And the third, {pringing from the hind Procefs of the Cerebellum, is inferred into the Medulla oblon- gata^ looking like an additional Chord to it.

PEDIS Abfcijfw, Cutting off a Foot ; a Punifhment antient- ly inflicted among us: as appears by the Laws of William the Conqueror, by Ingitlphus and other Authors.

Inter Aicimus ne quiz cccidcmir, vel fufpendatur, pro aliqua Culpa, fed eruantur Oatli, Abfcindantur Pedes, vel Tejficuli, vel mantis, &c. Leg. Will. Cap. 1.

So Ingulpbus, fub poena ferditioms dextri fui fedis, Sic.

PEDOMETER, or PODOMETER, or Way-wifer, a Me- chanical Inftrumenr, in form of a Watch ; confiding of various Wheels with Teeth, catching inonc another; all difpofed in the fame Plane; which by means of a Chain or String faftned to a Man's Foot, or the Wheel of a Chariot, advance a Notch each Step, or each Revolution of the Wheel; fo that the Number being mark'd on the Edge of each Wheel, one may number the Paces, or Meafure exaflly the Diftance from one Place to another. See Way-wiser.

The Word is form'd from the Greek **{, Pes, Foot; and /u-rpw, Meafure.

PoMKRETts, is fometimes, alio, usd tor a Surveying Wheel, an Inftrumcnt chiefly us'd in meafuring Roads; popularly call'd the Way-wifer. Which fee

PEDRERO, or PETTERERO, a final! Piece of Ord-

nance, chiefly us'd en board Ships; for the difcharging of Nails, broken Iron, or Partridge Shot on an Enemy attempt ing to board. See Ordnance and Mortar.

They are generally open at the Ereech, and their Cham- ber made to take out, to be loaded that Way, in lieu of the Muzzle. See Chameer.

PEEK, in the Sea Language, a Term us'd in various Senfes.

£. gr. an Anchor is faid to be a-peek, when the Ship be- ing about to weigh, comes over her Anchor, fo as the Cable hangs perpendicularly between the Hawfeandthe Anchor 5 the bringing of a Ship into which Pofition they call heaving a- peek.

A Ship is faid to ride a-peek when /he lies with her Main and Fore-yards hoifed up ; having one End of her Yards brought down to the Shrouds, and the other rais'd up an End ; which is chiefly done when fhe lies at reft in Rivers, left o- ther Ships falling foul on her, fhou'd break her Yards.

To ride a broad Peek, denotes the fame, excepting that the Yards here are only rais'd to half the Height.

<2o peek theMiJJen, is to put the Miffen-yard perpendicu- lar by the Maft.

The Room in the Hold, from the Eitts forward to the Stern, where Men of War keep their Powder, and Merchant Men their Victuals, isalfo call'd the Peek.

PEER, Par, denotes an equal, or one of the fame Rank and Condition.

Hence, in fome Councils or Affemblies, we find, with the Confent of our Peers, Bijlwps, Abbots, &c.

Afterwards, Peer was applied to the Vaffals or Tenants of the fame Lord, who were oblig'd to fcrve and aflift him in his Courts; They were call'd Pares, becaufe equal in Func- tion, and Peers in Fiefs or Fees-, becaufe, holding Fees of the Lord; or becaufe their Bufinefs in Court was to fit and judge under their Lord of Dilputes ariling on Fees. Sec Vassal.

The Number of Peers required to fit in Court, was at leaft four; and when there happen'd to be too many Peers in the fame Lordfhip, the Lord ufually chofe out 12 who had the Title of Peers by way of Diftinclion and Eminence. See Vassal.

There are Inftances of Women, who have aflifted at Judgements, on account of their Tenements, not of their be- ing Wives of Peers.

The Origin of thcfe Peers of Fees is as ancient as that of the Fees they were appointed to judge of ; from thefe we de- rive our common Juries, and our Peers of the Realm. See Jury and peer of the Realm.

Peer of the Realm, a noble Lord, or aPerfon who has a Seat, and Vote in the Upper-houfe of Parliament; hence call'd the Houfe of Peers. See Noble and Parliament.

There are five Degrees of Peerage, or Nobility, vfz. That of a T)uke, Marquejs, Earl, Vifcotint, and Sarm. Sec each under its proper Article Duke, Marquess, Earl, £J?g.

'Tisthe King confers the Peerage, by honouring the Per- fon with fome of thefe Titles by Patent. See Nobility.

Peers, Pairs of France, are the twelve grand Lords of France

The Inftitntion of thefe peers Is very uncertain; fome re- fer it to Hugo Capet, at the Time when the Dukes and Counts chang'd the Offices they then held of the King into perpetual Fiefs. But this is impoffible ; Champagne not being then erected into a County. Indeed Pafqiner obferves, that 'tis an old Tradition there has been 12 Peers in all Ages.

Of thefe Peers, fix are Dukes, and fix Counts, Comptes ; of thefe again, fix are Ecclefia flicks, and fix Lay-men. The Archbifhops of Rheims, Bifhops of Laon, and La??gres are Ttukes and Peers ; the Bifhops of Ncyons, Chalon on the Mam, and Beauvais, are Counts and Peers.

The Dukes of 'Burgundy, Normandy, and Aquitain were Lay-peers and Dukes ; and the Counts ok Flanders, Chara- paegn, and Thcloufe Lay-peers and Counts.

Thefe Lay-peers flill aflift at the Coronation of the Kings in Ceremony, and by way of Reprefentatives ; where each performs the Funclions attach'd to his rcfpec~tive Dignity : tho' the Peerfhips be in reality all, except Flanders, reunited to the Crown. Six Lords of the firft Quality are chofe to repre- fent 'em.

The Ecclefiaflic Peers ufually aflift in Perfon.

At prefent, the Title Peer in France is bellowed, as, in Eng- land, on every Lord or Perfon, whofe Fee is erected into a Lordfhip or Peerfhip.

The Word according to Pafquier, is derived from Patri- cius, the firft Dignity in the Eafern, Empire, on the Model whereof he fuppofes thefe Peers to have been inffituted.

But others with more probability derive the Title from the Pares Curie, or of Fees, becaufe of their being equal to each other.

Thefe Pares Curie, on whofe Model they fuppofe 'em to have been erected, were a Kind of Vaffais depending on the all fame Lord, whom they were obliged to attend and aflift i" Court.

AIL.