Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/37

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der of Change to be, when the Vermicuhs (leaving the former Shape of the Nympha, with which it appeared in the Egg, and fubfitted without Food) now beginning to feed hath its Members or Parts vifibly increafed and ftret'ehed out, and takes the Form of a new Nymfba, which is not without Motion ; and from thence becomes a flying InfeB. Of this fort arc, (i.) The LibelLr, or Ferlx, which are produced from an Infill of fix Feet, and which JAonffet takes for the Pulex Marinas, or, as before he calls it Locufta Aquatics. Out of the crudaceous Skin, or Husk, of this InfeB, the Libella breaks by a Fiffure, which begins between the Eyes, and is continued to the Roots of the Wings, and is there joined to the lateral Fif- fures. (2.) The ^' m ' ces Syhejlrcs, whofe characteristic Marks (according to WiUmgbbyj are, i. A long Probofcis, not fpiril, but ilrait. a. Their upper Wings to the jniddie are thick, and like Leather ; thence to the Ends thin and membranous. 5. There is the Figure of St. Andrew' s-Crofs on their Backs. (.) The Locujla, which JFilottghby refers to the AfteTxpima-m. (4.) The GrylliCam- feftres. (5.) The Gry!li-£>omeJuci, or Crickets. (6.) The Gryfo-Talpz, Mole-Cricket. (7.) The Cicada, orGrafliop- per. (8.) The Blatta, according to Swammerdam. (9.) The 'FipuU Afutticx, which run very fwiflly on the Surface of the Water, and have a Sting in their Mouths like the Ci- mices, or Ticks. (10.) The Scorp'ms Aquaticus, with a Sting alfo in its Mouth. (11.) The Mufae Aquatic*, called by Androvandm, Apes Amphib'ue. (12.) The Hemerobius, or Ephemera, or Diaria of Swammerdam. (13.) The Forjicuh, or Aurictdaria.

The fecond Species of Tranfmutation includes fuch In- fetls, as undergo a double Metamorpholis, or Change of Shape. (1.) Into aChryfilis, or fomething analogous to it. (2.) Into a flying InJeB. Thefe Kinds of InfeB:, a while be- fore they change, lie quite dill, without Feeding, orchang- ing Place ; and in relpect of their Wings arc, ( 1 .) Ka7w- 7s£2, or Vagimpennia, as the Scarabxi, Beetles. (2.) ' ps- T.t/7-0!, whofe Wings are open and expanded : And the "Wings of thefe are cither farinaceous, as the PapiUcries, &c. or membranous, as the Apes, M:cx, &c. and thefe are either Ai7m(f. with two Wings, or Tsl^b-net, with four Wings.

The Scarabs may be divided, (1.) In refpecf of their Horns, into the Nificimis, Bucerota, and Cen>its volan:, or Taurus. (2.) In refpecf. of their Antenna, which are of many Kinds ; whereof the moll eminent arc thofe called Capri- ami. (3.) With regard to their Motion, as the Sahatrices (4.) With regard to their Colour, as Cantharide:. To the ieetlc-kind may be referr'd the Cicihdela, or Glow- Worm 5 the Suiphylinu: called by Willoughby fiptx&h.'&'fit&t ; the Trofcarahxus, or Oil-Beetle, fo called from its emitting from its Joints a kind of Oil, on its being preffed or fqueezed. The Anelytra; with farinaceous or mealy Wings, are called PapUimes, Butter-flies ; and thefe are efher Diurnal, or Nocturnal. The fpecific Di- itincfion of the Diurnal is, that they always fettle with their Wings erecf, are produced from an angulous Aurelia and have their Antenna iludded : of thefe there are about fifty forts obferved in England. The nocturnal Butterflies, or PhaUna, are vaftly numerous, and cannot very clearly be methodized. But for Memory and Didinc- tion's fake, they may be divided into, (tj The Geometri- ££«.>■, which come from the Eruca, (called Geometra from the Manner of its Walk, which is Anfatinus, by curling up its Back like the Handle of a Cup) with 8 or 10 Feet. (2.) Such as come from Eruc* with i4Feet: Of this kind, which is very numerous, there hath been dittinguiflied the PhaUna Fnfcia'ta, whofe Wings are in Patches or Area's of different Colours. PhaUna Linsata, whofe Wings are marked with tranverfe Lines. PhaUna PmiBata, whofe Wings are marked with one or more Points : and thefe excepted, all the others are diftinguiftied into greater and letter, and of a middle Size, between both. One of the larger Kinds may be diilin- guifhed alfo by their inner Wings running out beyond the upper, when they fit, or reft : And another by the A p- pearancc of the Figure of Eyes upon the Wings: And a third, by their long Tails, and narrow fharp Wings ; which by fome are called PhaUnx Prxdatrices, or Accipitrinx. The Anelytra, with membranous Wings, are Bees, Flies, Wafps, Bombylii, Crabrones, &c. And to this kind the Culex Vulgaris, according to Swammer- dam, or Gnat is referred ; as alfo the Formica, or Ant. And hither muft be referred fuch Water InjeBs, as are covered by a Theca, according to the Oblervations of iVilloughby. Thefe have either, (,.) an immoveable Tiec.t, or Cafe, which is fixed to the Stones; and this Cafe is either of around Figure, or one more comprefs'd and flat, (2.) A moveable, portable Theca, and thefe are commonly called Phyanm : And this Theca is either,

J?2 1 "'' and t,Wt ei * er com l' o( " ed of Straws, and little $eft*cx lymg parallel one to another ; of which there are two Kinds; a greater, where the Fejhcx are two Inches

long; and a leffer, which are very common, and are called Straw-Worms. Or elfc the FeM x lie irar/verily' and are /hotter, having fomctimes pieces of Shells, or Stones intermixed with them : Others, whofe Cafes are ftrait alfo have no Fefiacxi but always either Sand, of Grave : And of thefe fome have the Tbecx round, and arc called Cod-ba,ts; others are flat and compreffed, (2.) Crooked, or horned, which run tapering ; of thefe Mr. Kay reckons four Kinds; a greater and left Black fort ; and a greater and lefs Alh-colour'd one. Thefe all produce Fl.es with large Wings like Butter-flies.

1 he third Species of Tranfmutation, is a fimple Change from a Vermtcdus to a flying InfeB ; but yet with a fenfible ?r/- ,V ' ° r fi ° P ' betwecn ™e F°«n and the other. 1 his Change Swammerdam thus defcribes : " The Vermich „ y X '} n T A frcm the E gg g«s NourifWnt by little and u little from without, and under that firft Skin, or Cover- ( ing, hath tts Members increafed by Degrees ; not ilip-

ping it, or putting it off as other Vermiculi do when they

u change :mto Nympb*, but affirming the Figure of a Nym-

pbam it : For a time it is quite motionlefs, till the fu-

t< perHuous Moifture is evaporated, and then, in a few

„, a ?% .recovers its Motion again, and catting off

this Skin, which is as it were double, it becomes a Fly.'" Oi this kind are our Flcfli-flies, and all the Nymph* Ver- nujormes, the Yefpx Ichneumines, &c..

As to the Generation of InfiBs, the World is now gene- rally convinced that they arc not bred of Corruption, but ex Oct; tho the contrary was bcliev'dby the Ancients, be- cauie ot the vail Numbers that were fometimes hatch'd as it were at once, and becaufe they cou'd not difcern the particular Manner of their Propagation. Malphhi Swam- merdammd Red!, have abundantly difproved the Dodl rine of Equivocal Generation, as well as the Chimerical Tranf- he m iik'™M ^pillar ™o the Bu„er-fl y, and other

the ike Metamorphofes ; and have fticwn, that all the Members of the Butter-fly were enclofcd under the Skin or Nympha of the Caterpillar, as the Parts of a Plant are in the Seed.

InfiBs take particular Care to depofite their Eggs or Seed, in fuch Places where they may have a fufficient In- cubation, and where the Young when hatch'd may have the benefit of proper Food till they become able to fhifc tor thcmfelves. Thofe whofe Food is in the Water, lay their Eggs m the Water ; thofe to whom Flefh is a proper Food, in Flefh ; and rhofc to whom the Fruits, or Leaves of Vegetables arc Food, are accordingly repofitcd fome in this Fruit, fome in that Tree, and fome in that Plant, and fome on another, but conllantly the fame Kind on the lame Tree, &c. As for others that require a more conuant and grearer Degree of Warmth, they are provided by rhe Parent Animal with fome Place in or about the Body of other Animals ; fome in the Feathers of Birds lorne in the Hair of Beads, fome in the Scales of Fifties fome in the Nofe, fome in the Flefh, nay fome in the Bowels, and inmoft Recedes of Man, and other Crea- tures. And as for others to whom none of thofe Methods are proper, they make them Nefts by Perforation in the Earth, in Wood, in Combs, and the like, carrying in and iealmg up Provifions that ferve both for the Produflion of their \ oung, and for their Food, when produced.

In Fires, Butter-flies, £&, it is obferv'd, there is a kind ot Gluten, by which the Female fattens her Eg»s to the bearing Buds of Trees, &c. fo that the Rains cannot waih them off. Thefe E»gs will not be hurt by the greateft Ftod. Mr. Andry, in his Book De la Generate de Vers dans le Corfs de I'Hamme, takes notice, that the Anti- ents were midaken in denying that InfiBs did breathe, on the account of their wanting Lungs : For modern Ob'fer- vations convince us, that InfiB: have a greater Number of Lungs than other Animals. The Anticnts thousht alfo that InjeBs had no Blood, becaufe many of them had no red Liquor like our Blood : But it is not the Colour, but the Lfe of the Liquor that is to be regarded. They be- lieved alfo that InfiBs had no Hearth; whereas our Mi- crofcopes do now difcover, that when InfiBs have Several Lungs, they have alfo fevcral Hearts ; and in particular, it is found, that Silk-Worms have a continued Chain of Hearts, from the Head almott to the very Extremity of the Tail. And it is this Number of Hearts and Lungs that occafions thofe InfiBs to give Signs of Life a long while after they are divided into feveral Parts. He ob- ferves alfo, that it is wrong to call InfiBs imperfect Ani- mals, fince they want no Parts either neccflary or conve- nient for their Ufe, or to render them compleat in their Kind. There are fome, who affirm that the Earth- worms, and thofe Round-tailed Worms, which are found in the Intedines of Men and Horfes, i£e. alfo Snails and Horfc-Lcaches are Hermaphrodites ; but that fuchWorms as become Flics, and Silk- Worms are not fo, bein? of no Sex, but are Neds full of real Animals, which wefee in time come our with Wines.

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