Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/369

 PAT

( 7*4 )

PAT

The Divines have a long Time difputed, whether Paterni- ty be a real and fpecific Character, which abfolutely diftin- guifhesthe Father trom theSon;orwhetherit be a mere Rela- tion of Oeconomy and Subordination. On the one Hand, if ternity be fuppofed incommunicable to the Son, and if it conftitute a real and pofitive Diftin&ion 5 this amounts to Writheifm. See Tritheism.

On the other Hand, if 'Paternity be only regarded as a Mode, or a term of Order and Oeconomy ; there is no effen- tial and intrinfic Difference between the Father and Son 5 Vvhich is nothing lefs thanSabellianifm. See Sabellian.

PATH of the Vertex, a Term frequently us'd by Mr. Vlam- Jieady fignifying a Circle, defcribed by any Point of the Earth's Surface, as the Earth turns round its Axis.

This Point is confider'd as Vertical to the Earth's Centre 5 and is the fame with what is call'd the Vertex or Zenith in the Ptolemaick Projection.

The Semi-Diameter of this Path of the Vertex, is always equal to the Complement of the Latitude of the Point or Place that defcribes it; that is, to that Place's Diftance from the Pole of the World.

PATHETIC, fomething that relates to the paffwns 5 and particularly, that is proper to awake, or excite them. See Passion.

The Pathetic, and the Sublime have a near Affinity. See Sublime. See alfo Style.

The Word comes from the Greek ndd-of (pas/ion.

Pathetic, inMufic, fomething very moving, expreffive, pafRonate, capable of exciting Pity, Compaffion, Anger, or the like Paffion.

In this Senfe, we fay a Pathetic Fugtte, Pathetic Song, f$c. The Chromatic Genus, with its major and minor Semi-tones, either afcendingor defcending is very proper for the Pathetic ; as is alfo an artful Management of Diicords ; Variety of Mo- tions, now brisk, now languifhing, now fwift, now flow.

Niewentiit, tells us of a Mufician at Genoa, who excell'd in the Pathetic 3 to that Degree, that he was able to play any of his Auditors into Diftracfion ; he adds, that the great Means he made Ufe of, was the Variety of Motions, &c.

PATHETICI, in Anatomy, the fourth of the ten pair of Nerves, which arife out of the Medulla Oblongata. See Nerve.

The Pathetici are the fmalleft Nerves of the Brain ; they have their Origin in the lower part of the Medulla Oblongata, behind the Nates and Tefles.

They have their Name Pathetici, from their fcrving to move the Eyes in the various Paflions 3 and are by fome calfd Amatorii, from the great Ufe made thereof by Lovers, in Ogling, Sfc

PATHOGNOMONIC, in Medicine, an Effcnrial Sign or Characferifiic ; or a Symptom peculiar to, and infeparable from fome Difeafe; and every Stage thereof, See Symptoms.

Thus Blanchard, and after him Harris, &c. But the Truth as, there is nothing in all Medicine that Anfwers to the Idea of a Pathognomonic^ Difeafe and Symptoms are too compli- cated. See Diagnostic.

PATHOLOGY, that part of Medicine which confiders %)ifeafes$ both thole of the Body, and the Mind 5 their Na- tures, Caufes, Symptoms, &c. See Disease.

The Word is form'd from the Greek naQos Paffion, Suffer- ing, and Ao>of, Difcourfe.

PATHOS, a Greek Word, ^<x£q?, fignifying Pasjion ; us'd in fpeaking of the Movements, which the Orator excites in his Audience.

There is a World of Pathos inhisDifcourfe.

We fometimes alfo Ufe the Word for Energy or Strefs.

PATIENT, among Phyficians, a Perfon under the Direc- tion of a Phyfician, or Surgeon, to be cured of fome Difeafe.

PATIENTI.& Mufculus, in Anatomy. See Levator Scapula.

PATONCE, in Heraldry, a Crofs Patonce, a Crofs of the Figure adjoining. He bears Gules, a Crofs Patonce, Argent, by*the Name of La- timer. It comes near to the Crofs Flory, and only differs in fome Circumftances of the Ends. See Flory.

PATRES Confcripti, in Antiquity, a Denomination given the Senators of Rome. See Senator, Patri-

The firft hundred Senators appointed by Romulus, were call'd fimply Patres, Fathers 5 another hundred being added by Romulus and 'Tatius, upon the Union of the two People ; thefe latter were call'd Patres minorum Gentium, and the former 3fajorum Gentium.

At length, ¥arquinim Ptifcus making up the Number 500, the two latter Claffes were call'd Patres Confcripti 5 be- caufe, Adfcripti wrote down to the former.

Thofe afterwards chofen from among the Knights, were call'd Patres AlleBi.

PATRIARCH, one of thofe firft Fathers who liv'd to-

wards the Beginning of the World 3 and who b:camefarnom by their long Lines of Defcendants.

Abraham, Ifaac, Jacob, and his twelve Sons are the Patri- archs of the Old Teitament ; The Number of Children is the Eenediclion, and the Character of a Patriarch.

Patriarch, is alfo us'd in Chriftendom for the Bifhops in Poffeffion of fome of the grand Sees, independant of the pa- pal Jurifdiftion. See Bishop.

The Patriarchate has been always efteem'd the fupreme Dignity in the Church ; So that to rife by Degrees, the Eifhop had only under him the Territory of the City, whereof he was Bi0iop5 the Metropolitan commanded a Province, and had for Suffragans the Bifhopsof his Province 5 the Primate was the Chief of aDiocefs, and had feveral Metropolitans under him; and the Patriarch had under him feveral Diocefes, and Pri- mates 'emfclvcs were under him. See Metropolitan.

But this Order was not always obferv'd. See Primate.

Ufter, Pagi, de Marca and Morin, attribute the Efta- blifliment of the Grand Patriarchs to three Apoftles. They fuppofe that the Apoftles, acccording to the Defcription of the World then given by Geographers, pitch'd on the three principal Cities in the three Parts of the known World, viz. Rome in Europe ; Antioch in Afia 5 and Alexandria in Afri- ca 5 and thus rbrm'd a Trinity of Patriarchs.

Others, far from attributing this Inftitution to St. Peter, maintain that the Name Patriarch was unknown at the Time of the Council of Nice 5 and that for a long Time afterwards, Patriarchs and Primates were confounded together: as being all equally Chiefs of Diocefes; and equally fuperior to Me- tropolitans, who were only Chiefs of Provinces.

Hence it is that Socrates gave the Title Patriarch to all the Chiefs of Dioceffes, and reckons ten of 'em.

In Effe£t, it does not appear that the Dignity of Patriarch was attach'd, and affected to the five grand Sees of Rome, Conjfantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerufalem, till af- ter the Council of Calcedon in 451. For when the Council of Nice regulated the Limits and Prerogatives of the three patriarchs of Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria, it did not give 'cm the Title o£Patriarchs, tho'it allow'd 'em the Pre- eminence and Privileges thereof. Thus, when the Council of Constantinople adjudg'd the fecond Place to the Bifliop of Conftantinople, who, till then, was only a Suffragan of He- raclea ; it faid nothing of his Patriarchate.

Nor is the Term Patriarch found in the Decree of the Council of Calcedon whereby the fifth Place is aflign'd to the Bifliop of Jerusalem ; nor did thefe five Patriarchs govern all the Churches.

There were ftill many Independant Chiefs of DioceSes, who, far from owning the Jurifdiflion of the grand Patri- archs, call'd 'emfelves Patriarchs ; fuch as that of Aquilea$ nor was Carthage ever fubjecl: to the Patriarch of Alexandria.

The Authority of the Patriarchs grew by infenfible Degrees, till at length all Affairs of Moment, within the Compafs of their Patriarchate, came before them 5 either at firft hand, or by Appeal from the Metropolitans.

They confecratcd Bifhops, appointed the Time of JEafter, &c. Nothing in fhort was done without confulting 'em 3 and their Decrees were executed with the fame RefpecT: as thofe of Princes.

The Latin Church was unacquainted with Patriarchs till the VI. Century ; and the Churches of Gaul, "Britain, &c. were never fubjecl: to the Authority of the Patriarch of Rome, whofe Authority only extended to the fuburbicary Provinces.

There was no Primalty, no Exarch, or Patriarch own'd here ; but the Bifhops, with the Metropolitans, governed the Church in Common.

Indeed, after the name Patriarch became popular in the Weft 3 it was attributed to the Bifhops of Sourges and Li- ens 3 but it was only in the firft fignification; viz-, as Chiefs of Diocefes.

2)u Cange adds, that there have been fome Abbots, who have bore the Title of Patriarchs. See abbot.

PATRIARCH, is alfo us'd for the chiefs of feveral Churches in the Eaft, who live out of Communion with the Roman Church : as the Patriarch of the Armenians, refiding in a Monaftery of St. Gregory fThe Patriarch of the AbyJJinians+ called Abum; the Patriarch of the Cophti, the Jacobin, Sic. See Armenians, Cophti, Jacobins, &c.

PATRIARCHAL, in Heraldry. A Crofs Patriarchal is fo call'd, be caufe the Shaft is twice crofs'd 3 the lower Arms being longer, and the Upper fliorter.

Such a Crofs is faid to belong to Patriarchs, as the Triple Crofs does to the Pope.

PATRICIAN, in ancient Rome, a Title given to the Def- cendants of the Hundred, or according toothers, of the two Hundred firft Senators, chofen by Romulus, and by him call'd Patres, Fathers. See Senator, Patres, &c. v

Patricians, therefore, were then the ancient Nobility 3 in Opposition to the Plebeians. See Plebeian.

But the Cognizance and Character of thefe ancient Fami- lies being almoft loft and extinguifh'd, by a long Courfe of Years, and frequent changes in the Empire 5 a new Kind of

Patricians